1. G. KSANDOPULOa, A. BAIDELDINOVAb,
PREVENTION OF RADIOACTIVE AND SOME OTHER CONTAMINANTS PROPAGATION INTO THE GROUNDS BY SHS-METHOD
G. KSANDOPULOa, A. BAIDELDINOVAb,
S. KARTKUZHAKOVb
G. XANTHOPOULOUc,
a. ICP, Almaty - Kazakhstan
b. "Floga" company, Almaty - Kazakhstan
c. Demokritos Institute - Athens - Greece 
Athens, 8-9 October 2008

2. MAIN PURPOSE
Processing of greater amounts of polluted components for utilization of radioactive and chemically dangerous wastes and neutralization of polluted materials, for prevention their migration into the soil and to adjacent ambiences (atmosphere and hydrosphere)

3. Methods of radioactive and chemically dangerous wastes isolation
Immobilization into phosphate and borosilicate glasses (do not prevent radionuclides penetration into the environment in the case of long- term burial)
Obtaining matrix materials (mineral-like ceramics analogs rock forming minerals is more stable thermodinamically than glasses)
Cold pressing with following annealing
Hot pressing
Synthesizing from melt
All this 3 methods connected with complicate equipment, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials for crucibles, high energy consumption
4. SHS (technological simplicity, absence of external heating sources and complicate equipment)

4. MAIN IDEA
Agglomeration of the ground in separate matrixes by means of a binding agent (10-% solution of sodium tetraborate (Na2B2O4· 4H2O) and 10-% solution of sodium tetraborate with sodium monosilicate (Na2B2O4· 4H2O + Na2SiO3· 9H2O)
Packing them into natural reactors (pits, trenches)
Filling the empty spaces between them with the charge of welding mixture (combustible mixture, composed of metal oxide and a reducer, for example, powdered aluminium)
Initiation of combustion in the wave regime.

5. Main components of the soil samples taken in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan
Limestone
СаCО3
Quartz SiO2
Аlbite
Na2AlSi3O8 I
6.0
35.0
10.0 II
10.5
27.3
7.0
III
1.9
29.1
17.2 IV
1.0
23.0
26.0 V
0.8
32.1
24.0
Also: Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2, chamozit (Fe, Mg,Mn,Al)6(Si,Al)4O10 , amorphous phase

6. The chemical composition of the model materialMn Ca Ti V Fe S Si Al
0.11
8.32
0.23
0.02
6.94
0.49
22.67
21.83

7. The optimum diameters of sphere agglomerates for any welding mixture
k is the reactor space factor ( ratio of agglomerates volume (4/3 π r3 . n) to total volume off reactor),
ρa is the density of agglomerates,
ρwm is the density of the welding mixture,
Ca is the heat capacity of agglomerates,
qwm is the heat effect of SHS reaction,
Tmt is the ground caking temperature,
h is the thickness of recrystallizated layer of the agglomerate

8. Agglomerates of ground caked into a block by SHS-method with the composition on the basis of Fe3O4 and chromite concentrate
Tcomb=1950oC
CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 sintering temperature oC
Magnetite +Al=>
Fe3O4, Fe, FeAl2O4
Chromite+Al=>
FeCr2O4,
(Mg,Fe)(Al0.75Cr0,25)O4
Bulk density of SHS mixture on base Fe3O4 is 2g/cm3

9. Water-stability of caked agglomerates of ground with different welding mixtures and space factor of the reactor (from 0.5 to 0. 7)
B - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.5); C - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.6); D - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.7);
E - Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.5); F - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.5);
G - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.6); H - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.7)
740 hours = 30 days

10. Change of mass of matrix sample under the long-term influence of 30% nitric acid
B - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.5); C - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.6); D - Fe3O4+Al (k = 0.7); E - Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.5); F - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.5); G - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.6); H - chromite concentrate +Fe2O3+Al (k = 0.7)

11. Optimization
The soil radioactive components fixing optimization in mechanically strong block with chemically stable spinel matrix is possible due to preparation of sphere soil agglomerates of 2 sizes. Due to such approach reduced welding composition quantity and increased volume of roasting soil of one load. This led to economy of expensive material and makes cheaper all technology.
Replacement of reducer, expensive aluminum powder with cheaper component. Silicon and its alloys(for example, Al-Si alloy silumin) can be used as reducer in metallo-thermic processes.
First of all thermal effect of silicon reaction with iron oxide is enough high. For the reaction:3Si + 2Fe2O3 → 4Fe + 3SiO2 it is – 2462 J/g or 980,2 kJ/mol.
Secondary, the main silumin phase is aluminium; silicon content is 3 and more percent. The most approachable piston silumin contains 11-13% of silicon.
Thirdly, the silumin wastes (cars pistons) are cheap raw material.
Thermo-physical parameters of SHS process with silumin use show, that there is phase recrystallization of soil agglomerate surface layer in the reactor and formation of minerals (quartz, corundum, albite, hercynite) as a result of layers combustion. According to the tests this composition has satisfactory to requirements mechanical and chemical resistance according to tests.

12. Conclusion
The elaborated method of immobilization of radioactive and chemically dangerous components spread in grounds uses the peculiarities of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis combined with agglomeration of polluted materials.
SHS based on processes of combustion allows obtaining refractory minerals which are similar to natural ones in the structure and phase composition having mechanical strength and high chemical stability.
Agglomeration provides the possibility for treatment and decontamination of greater volumes of polluted materials with considerably less consumption of welding SHS-mixture and, hence, its most expensive component – powdered aluminium.
The proposed technology provides high degree of mechanization process that it is important, when working with harmful substances.