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POSTWAR EUROPEAN LEADERS
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KONRAD ADENAUER – WEST GERMANY
“THE OLD MAN” Not a Nazi, a Christian Democrat Presided as Chancellor over West German “Economic Miracle” Voted by nation as one of Germany’s greatest leaders.
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WALTER ULBRICHT – EAST GERMANY
German Democratic Republic Unrest in 1953 Constant migration across border into West Germany
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WILLY BRANDT Social Democrat
Escaped to Norway in 1930s, came back to Germany in 1946 Mayor of West Berlin Chancellor of West Germany, Ostpolitik – wins Nobel Peace Prize in 1970
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At the Berlin Wall (with Robert Kennedy), and in Warsaw memorial
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CHARLES DE GAULLE
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ENDS ALGERIAN WAR, 1962
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MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ADOPT “THE WELFARE STATE”
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MARGARET THATCHER -Conservative Curbs British welfare state in 1980s
Challenges unions’ power Takes a hard stand in Northern Ireland Falklands War, 1982 Encourages Bush against Iraq, 1990
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NORTHERN IRELAND – Catholic civil rights protests attacked
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BLOODY SUNDAY, 1972 – British paratroopers shoot down 14 at a civil rights march
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IRA GAINS FROM VIOLENCE – civil war kills thousands until 1999
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BOMBINGS, ASSASSINATIONS
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EUROPEAN COOPERATION 1947 – CEEC – Council for European Economic Cooperation for countries that took Marshall Plan aid. 1950- Jean Monnet and Robert Schumann help create European Coal and Steel Community – Six countries – France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Later called Common Market or European Community
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More Cooperation More countries join between 1973 and 1986 – Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Portugal, Spain 1993 Maastricht Treaty – European Union (EU). European parliament and common currency instituted. Free travel without passports allowed throughout EU. Former Communist countries of eastern Europe join in recent years. Currently 27 members
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