1. Expanding Social Horizons
Chapter 7
Expanding Social Horizons

2. Relatively Uninvolved or Hostile
Parental Dimensions
Degree of warmth & responsiveness
from Openly Warm & Affectionate to
Relatively Uninvolved or Hostile
Control parent exercise over child’s behavior
from Over-control to No Control

3. Control continued... Over-control No Control no socialization
don’t learn decision making
No Control
don’t learn cultural behavioral standards
get to believe they need not account for their behavior

4. Strike a Balance Set standards (Age appropriate)
Consistent enforcement
Effective communication

5. Punishment Power Assertion (Spank-Humiliate) Time-out
Does it work? Short-term: maybe
Long-term problems
children learn to fear parents
children less likely to internalize social norms
copy parent’s behaviors later in their own family
Time-out

6. Cultural Differences
Some cultures more emphasis on warmth and affection
Other cultures more emphasis on control

7. Parental Styles Authoritarian Authoritative Indulgent-Permissive
Indifferent-Uninvolved

8. Family Influences Reciprocal Influence Family dynamic
Parental behavior changes as children grow
Siblings
1st born starts as only child
Siblings cause stress

9. Impact of Birth Order 1st born - Guinea Pigs/King Middle child
Last Born
Only child

10. Divorce More harmful on school age children and adolescents
Impact same for boys and girls
Since 1980, consequences associated w/ divorce have lessened; nevertheless, there are some consequences

11. Consequences of Divorce
Children lose a role model
Single parent families have more difficulty economically
Conflict between parents are extremely distressing to children
child feels to blame
child used as pawn/spy

12. More Consequences... Joint custody Blended families step parents
culturally or racially blended

13. * Abused children often become abusers.
Child Abuse - Neglect
Sexual
Physical
Emotional
* Abused children often become abusers.

14. Peers/Groups Friendships Groups casual best friend
group structure: dominance hierarchy (like military)
peer pressure: nerds-brains-druggies-jocks

15. Popularity Popular: liked by many Rejected: disliked by many
Controversial: both liked + disliked
Average: liked/disliked but no with same intensity
Neglected: ignored
Pressure on being ignored
outlandish behavior/appearance
probably relates to those who committed suicide killings

16. Television: Impact/influence on behaviors & attitudes
Good impact
learning
immediate information
can help to mold for good prosocial behavior/consciousness raising
Bad impact
violence
stereotyping
consumer behavior

17. Television cont. Some efforts to positively influence cognition
Many efforts negatively influence cognition
poor English
poor moral content

18. Describing & Understanding Others
“We’ve got to be taught before it’s too late!
Before we are six or seven or eight!
To hate all the people our relatives hate!”
(From Rogers and Hammerstein’s musical South Pacific)

19. Prejudice
Where do we get it?
What do we do about it?