1. Diet and health
Foundation

2. An unbalanced diet can lead to dietary related diseases.
A balanced diet
A healthy diet should be based on a range and variety of different foods, as shown below.
An unbalanced diet can lead to dietary related diseases.

3. Malnutrition
Having intakes of energy and/or nutrients below or in excess of needs for long periods of time can affect health. It is a serious condition called malnutrition. Malnutrition includes both under and over nutrition.
Severe under nutrition (having an intake of energy and/or nutrients below what is needed) is rare in the United Kingdom, but can be common in some developing countries. However, under nutrition does occur in the UK, e.g. micronutrient deficiencies.
Children suffer the effects of starvation (not enough food) more quickly than adults.

4. Under nutrition – not enough nutrients
Worldwide, Kwashiorkor and marasmus are two common diseases caused by a lack of protein and energy.
Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and minerals are stored in the body so it takes time for these deficiency diseases to develop.
Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body so low intakes usually lead to signs of deficiency relatively quickly.
The most common symptom of under nutrition is unplanned weight loss. Other symptoms include lethargy, low mood, poor concentration, delayed wound healing and an increase in illnesses or infections.

5. Over nutrition – more nutrients than required
Over nutrition is a problem usually associated with developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, however it is also rapidly increasing in some parts of the developing world.
The most common over nutrition problem is obesity, resulting from too much energy being consumed, or high levels of inactivity.

6. Risks of malnutrition The risk of malnutrition is increased by:
increased requirements for some nutrients
restricted range of foods
reduction in availability of food
low income
medical conditions
unusual dietary habits
psychological conditions.

7. Health issues
There are a number of health related issues relating to diet, including:
CHD
Cholesterol levels
Obesity
Cancer
Bone health
Anaemia

8. Rates of CHD
CHD is the most common cause of death in the United Kingdom. It is a major cause of premature death (i.e. before the age of 65 years).
CHD is more common in men than in women.

9. Risk of CHD
The chance of suffering from CHD is affected by many factors. These are called risk factors.
Factors that increase the risk of CHD include:
smoking
high blood cholesterol level
high blood pressure
physical inactivity
diabetes.
Other risk factors:
being overweight or obese
having a family history of CHD – the risk is increased if you have a male relative with CHD under 55 or a female relative 65 years

10. To learn more about CHD, click here.
Diet and CHD
A low-fat, high fibre diet is recommended, including plenty of fruit and vegetables and wholegrains. Salt should also be limited to no more than 6g per day.
A small amount of unsaturated fat should be included in the diet, which will help to reduce your cholesterol levels. Foods high in unsaturated fat include:
oily fish
avocados
nuts and seeds
sunflower, rapeseed, sesame and olive oil.
To maintain a healthy weight, combining a healthy diet with regular physical activity.
To learn more about CHD, click here.

11. Blood cholesterol levels
Cholesterol is a type of fat made by the liver and can also be found in some foods.
It is needed for healthy cells in the body, but if there is too much in the blood it can lead to CHD.
The level of cholesterol in the blood depends partly on genetic factors, but can also be affected by diet.

12. Cholesterol and the diet
The level of blood cholesterol is affected by the amount and type of fat in the diet.
High intakes of saturated fatty acids, and of total fat, can increase the amount of cholesterol in the blood, and therefore increase the risk of CHD.
Most people are consuming too much saturated fat and need to reduce their saturated fat intake and switch to foods containing unsaturated fat.

13. Obesity
Obesity describes people who are overweight with a high degree of body fat. Body Mass Index is the most widely used method of assessing a person's weight.
Body Mass Index = weight (kg)
height (m)2
A person is considered obese with a BMI or morbidly obese with a BMI over 40.
Waist circumference measurements provides information about how your weight is distributed around your body. People with larger waists (≥ 94cm in men and ≥ 80cm in women). It is understood that a greater waist circumference can lead to a higher chance of getting diseases such as Type 2 diabetes, heart disease or high blood pressure.

14. Overweight and obesity in school children
One in five children aged 4-5 years in England are overweight or obese
One in three children aged years in England are overweight or obese
Data source: National Child Measurement Programme 2012/13

15. Problems associated with obesity
People who are obese are more likely to suffer from
breathlessness
increased sweating
snoring
difficulty sleeping
inability to cope with sudden physical activity
feeling very tired every day
back and joint pains.
Obesity can also cause high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels which significantly increase the risk of develop CHD. Another long term problem is diabetes. Obesity can also be associated with health problems such as gall stones, arthritis and some type of cancers.
In addition, psychological problems may also arise, e.g. low self esteem, low confidence levels and feeling isolated in society.

16. Obesity
Being active and eating healthy is important in maintaining a healthy weight.
Being slightly overweight is not a risk to health, but it is important to not continue gaining weight.

17. Cancer
Cancer is a complex disease where cells in a specific part of the body grow and reproduce uncontrollably. It sometimes begins in one part of the body before spreading to other areas (metastasis).
A wide variety of factors are involved in the development of cancer, including:
• age
• genetics
• environment
• hormones
• infections.

18. To learn more about bowel cancer, click here.
Common cancers
The most common cancers in the UK are:
Lung, prostate and bowel cancer in men
Breast, lung and bowel cancer in women.
To learn more about bowel cancer, click here.

19. Coronary heart disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). The deposits narrow the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to the heart.
If one of the blood vessels becomes completely blocked, the blood supply to part of the heart stops and that part is damaged. This is called a heart attack.

20. Bone health
Calcium is important for strong bones. Vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed from food.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become weak, brittle and more likely to break. It is caused by severe losses of calcium resulting in gaps of the structure of the bone. It is most common in men and women over the age of 55.

21. Osteoporosis Healthy bone is strong and does not break easily.
During childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, calcium and other substances are added to the bone. This makes bones stronger.
After the age of 30-35, bone density loss begins. It is a normal part of ageing, but it can lead to a osteoporosis and an increased risk of factures.
After the menopause women lose bone at an increased rate.

22. Bone health Bone strength is affected by: genetics gender sex diet
exercise
body weight
smoking
hormones.
It is important that people at risk of osteoporosis take steps to help keep bones healthy and reduce the risk of developing the condition, e.g. regular physical activity, healthy eating and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and reducing alcohol intake.

23. Anaemia
The mineral iron is used to produce red blood cells. Iron from the diet forms haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. If there are fewer red blood cells than normal, the organs and tissues will not get as much oxygen as they usually should.
There are several different types of anaemia and each one has a different cause. Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type.
If the body’s store of iron is low and there is too little iron in the diet, the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia will start to develop.
Large amounts of iron can be toxic.

24. Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia
The main symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia include:
tiredness and lethargy
shortness of breath
health palpitations
pale complexion.

25. Blood health
Iron from animal sources is more easily absorbed than iron from plant sources. However, Vitamin C increases absorption of iron from plant sources.
It is important that the diets of infants and young children contain foods rich in iron.
Iron requirements increase during adolescence because of growth and for girls at the start of menstruation.
Some women have very high iron requirements because they have large menstrual losses.

26. Task
Select one dietary related disease and create a pamphlet or fact sheet suitable for a teenager to learn more about:
the health problems
risks factors
steps which could help to prevent the development of the disease.

27. For further information and support, go to: