1. Rocks and weathering

2. Physical weathering

3. Rocks and weathering
Why are rocks all different shapes and sizes?

4. What is weathering?
Rocks are different shapes and sizes because they are changed by the conditions in their environment.
The breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments is called weathering. These fragments eventually become soil.
Rocks are weathered by temperature change, water, frost and the actions of plants and animals.
There are three main types of weathering:
Photo credit: © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
physical weathering
chemical weathering
biological weathering.

5. Different types of physical weathering
Physical weathering occurs when rock is broken down into smaller pieces by the effects of temperature and water.
Exfoliation weathering (or ‘onion-skin’ weathering) is caused by very hot weather.
Freeze-thaw weathering is caused by the melting and freezing of water.
Exfoliation and freeze-thaw weathering tend to occur in very different types of landscapes.
Which type of weathering do you think will primarily occur in the desert, and which will occur in the mountains?

6. Exfoliation weathering
Exfoliation weathering is common in sedimentary rocks in very hot and dry places like Uluru (Ayers Rock) in Australia.
In these places the daytime temperature can rise above 40 °C.
While the inner layers of the rocks stay cool, the outer layers of rocks heat up and expand in the baking heat.
Photo credit: Michel Meynsbrughen
At night, when the temperature falls, the outer layers of rocks cool down again and contract. Eventually the repeated expansion and contraction of the rock causes the outer layers to peel like an onion skin.

7. Exfoliation weathering in action

8. How can freezing cause damage?
What will happen to a glass bottle containing a liquid if it is left in a freezer for too long?
The liquid inside the bottle will expand slightly as it freezes.
The ice that is formed will create huge forces on the glass, which will then cause the bottle to break!
Photo credit: © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Because water expands as it freezes it can create immense pressure in confined spaces. How does this explain why water pipes often burst in winter?

9. Freeze-thaw weathering
When rain water or melted snow seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes, it can force the crack to expand.
When the ice thaws, the rock contracts and the water moves deeper into the crack. Later when the water re-freezes the crack widens again.
Photo credit (left): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Over time the crack widens until the piece of rock breaks apart.
This slow cycle is called freeze-thaw weathering.

10. Freeze-thaw weathering in action

11. Where does freeze-thaw take place?
Freeze-thaw weathering is common in icy areas where temperatures can rapidly rise and fall.
This means that freeze-thaw weathering is common on high mountains and glaciers, where the water freezes at night, and is melted by the Sun’s heat during the day.
Photo credit: © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
The base camp of Mount Everest is 5,300m above sea level.
For example, the daytime temperature of the base camp on Mount Everest is around 20 ºC, but can fall below -10 ºC at night.

12. Biological weathering

13. Biological weathering
What has caused these cracks to form?
Photo credit (left): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Photo credit (right): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation

14. Biological weathering in action

15. Chemical weathering

16. What is chemical weathering?
Slow chemical weathering
Rainwater is naturally acidic because carbon dioxide in the air reacts with rainwater to form carbonic acid.
This type of acid rain is weakly acidic and reacts slowly with minerals in rock.
Rapid chemical weathering
The burning of fossil fuels produces oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which make rainwater more acidic.
This type of acid rain reacts quickly with minerals and weather rock more rapidly.

17. Examples of chemical weathering
How has chemical weathering affected these rocks?

18. After weathering

19. What happens to weathered rock?

20. What is transportation?
Transportation is the movement of rock fragments from one place to another. The rock fragments can be transported in different ways:
by wind
by water
by glacier
Photo credit (left): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Photo credit (centre): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Photo credit (right): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation

21. What is deposition?
Deposition occurs when pieces of weathered rock sink to the bottom of the river bed or sea, forming sediment.
If animals walk across the sediment, their footprints may be recorded in it, and if dead organisms become trapped in it, they may form fossils.
Photo credit: © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation

22. How are sedimentary rocks formed?

23. Examples of sedimentary rocks
How can you tell that these are sedimentary rocks?
Photo credit (left): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Photo credit (right): © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation
Limestone rocks at Punakaiki on the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand. They are known as the Pancake Rocks because their appearance resembles thin pancakes stacked on top of each other.

24. From weathering to sedimentation

25. Summary activities

26. Glossary
deposition – The settling of rock fragments after transportation.
erosion – The wearing away of rocks by wind, water or ice.
exfoliation – Weathering of rocks caused by repeated heating and cooling, also called onion-skin weathering.
freeze-thaw – Weathering of rocks caused by the repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks in rocks.
mineral – A solid substance, usually a compound, which is found in rocks.
rock – A mixture of minerals.
transportation – Movement of rock fragments from one place to another.
weathering – The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by physical, chemical and biological processes.

27. Anagrams

28. Multiple-choice quiz