1. Chapter 2 Goals Page 33 Students will be able to:
Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body
Identify the body cavities & recognize the organs contained within those cavities
Locate & identify the anatomic & clinical divisions of the abdomen
Locate & name the anatomic divisions of the back
Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, & planes of the body
Identify the meanings for new word elements & use them to understand medical terms.

2. Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
Chapter 2
Pages 33 – 74

3. Structural Organization of the Body
Page 34
Structural Organization of the Body
Cells = the smallest living unit
Cells
The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant). Cells are everywhere in the human body – every tissue, every organ is made up of these individual units.
Similarity in Cells
Cells contain a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, & various materials.

4. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 35
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Cell membrane: not only surrounds & protects the cell but also regulates what passes into & out of the cells.
Nucleus: controls the operation of the cell. It directs cell division & determines the structure & function of the cell
Chromosomes: rod like-structures within the nucleus that contains thousands of genes.
Gene: contains a chemical called DNA.
DNA: regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence.
Chromosomes: All human body cells – except for the sex cells, the egg & the sperm (short for spermatozoon) – contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each sperm & egg cell have only 23 unpaired chromosomes. After egg & a sperm cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
DNA: resembles a series of recipes in code. This code, when passed out of the nucleus to the rest of the cell, directs the activities of the cell, such as cell division & synthesis of proteins.

5. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Pages 34 – 35
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Karyotype: a test to identify & evaluate the size, shape, & number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells.
Cytoplasm: includes all of the material outside the nucleus & enclosed by the cells membrane.
Mitochondria (miniature “power plants”): structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy for the cell.
Catabolism: the process that occurs in mitochondria.
Karyotype: Extra or missing chromosomes, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces, can cause problems with a person's growth, development, and body functions
Cytoplasm: In carries on the work of the cell; contains specialized apparatus apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell.

6. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Pages 35 – 36
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Endoplasmic reticulum: Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Contain ribosomes.
Ribosomes: builds long chains of protein
Anabolism: process of building large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
Metabolism: Total chemical process in a cell. It includes catabolism & anabolism.

7. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 38
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Differences in Cells
Cells are specialized to carry out their individual functions.
muscle cell = long & slender & contains fibers that aid in contracting & relaxing
epithelial cell = square & flat to provide protection
nerve cell = long & have various fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses
fat cell = contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.
epithelial cell (a lining & skin cell)

8. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Pages 38 – 39
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Tissues
Tissue = a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job.
Histologist = a scientist who specializes in the study of tissues.
Several different types of tissue are recognized. Tissues of the same type may be located in various regions of the body.

9. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Pages 38 – 39
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Epithelial Tissue
Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs, & the outer surface of the skin covering the body. Lines exocrine & endocrine glands & is responsible for the secretions they produce.
Connective Tissue
Examples are adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to the bones) bone, & blood.
Epithelial Tissue: The term epithelial originally referred to as the tissue on the breast nipple. Now it describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body & lines the inner surface of internal organs.

10. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Pages 38 – 39
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Muscle Tissue
Voluntary = found in arms & legs & parts of the body where movement is under conscious control.
Involuntary = found in the heart & digestive system, & in other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
Cardiac = found only in the heart.
Nerve Tissue
Nerve tissue conducts impulses all over the body.
Muscle Tissue: Contractions of this muscle type can be seen as a beating heart in an ultrasound scan of a 6-week-old fetus.

11. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Organs
Different types of tissue combine to form an organ.
For example, an organ such as the stomach is composed of muscle tissue, nerve tissue, & glandular epithelial tissue
viscera = the medical term for internal organs (singular: viscus).
Examples of abdominal viscera (organs located in the abdomen) are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, & gallbladder.

12. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Systems
Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.
System
Organs
Digestive
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary or Excretory
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

13. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
System
Organs
Endocrine
Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & collections of nerves
Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nodes, spleen, thymus glands
Skin & Sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands, eye, ear, nose, & tongue

14. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
System
Organs
Reproductive
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mamary glands
Male: Testes & associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
Musculoskeletal
Muscles, bones, & joints

15. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Body Cavities
Body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs
Cavity
Organs
Cranial
Brain, pituitary gland
Pelvic
Portions of the small & larges intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, unrethra, & ureters; uterus & vagina in the female
Spinal
Nerves of the spinal cord.

16. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Cavity
Organs
Thoracic
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta
The thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities:
Pleural cavity - space surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double memebran that surrounds the lungs & protects them. If the pleura is inflamed, the pleural cavity may fill with fluid.
Mediastinum - centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, & many lymph nodes.

17. Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Page 40
Structural Organization of the Body: Cont.
Cavity
Organs
Abdominal
The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. It attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles & surrounding each organ to hold it in place. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone. Also contains the stomach, small & large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, & gallbladder. The diaphragm divides the abdominal & thoracic cavities.

18. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
Page 48
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
Regions
Right hypochondriac regions – right upper region below the rib cage
Left hypochondriac regions – Left upper region below the rib cage
Epigastric region = region above the stomach
Right lumbar region = right middle region near the waist
Left lumbar region = Left middle region near the waist

19. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Page 48
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Umbilical region = region of the navel or umbilicus
Right inguinal region = right lower region near the groin, which is the are where the legs join the trunk of the body. This region also is know as the right iliac region because it lies near the ilium
Left inguinal region = left lower region near the groin. Also is know as the Left iliac region Hypogastric region = middle lower region below the umbilical region.

20. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Page 48
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.

21. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Page 49
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) – contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small & large intestines
Left upper quadrant (LUQ) – contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small & large intestines
Right lower quadrant (RLQ) – contains parts of the small & large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

22. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Page 49
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants: Cont.
Left lower quadrant (LLQ) – contains parts of the small & large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

23. Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column)
Page 50
Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column)
The spinal column is composed of a series of bones that extend from the neck to the tailbone. Each bone is a vertebra (plural: vertebrae)
Division of the Back
Abbreviation
Location
Cervical C
Neck region. There are seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
Thoracic T
Chest region. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

24. Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column): Cont.
Page 50
Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column): Cont.
Division of the Back
Abbreviation
Location
Lumbar L
Loin (waist) or flank region (between the ribs & the hip bone) There are five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
Sacral S
Five bones (S1 to S5) are fused to from one bone, the sacrum
Coccygeal
The coccyx (tailbone) is a small bone composed of four fused pieces.

25. Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column): Cont.
Page 51
Divisions of the Back (Spinal Column): Cont.
spinal column is bone tissue
spinal cord is nervous tissue
Intervertebral spaces = The spaces between the vertebrae (identified according to the two vertebrae between which they occur)
Disk (disc) = a small pad within the space & between vertebrae. The disk, composed of water & cartilage, is a shock absorber.
A disk may move out of place & put pressure on a nerve. This “slipped disk” can cause pain in an area of the body affected by the nerve.
– for example the L5-S1 space is between the fifth lumbar vertebra & the first sacral vertebra.

26. Positional & Directional Terms
Page 52
Positional & Directional Terms
Location
Relationship
Anterior (Ventral)
Front side of the body
The forehead is on the anterior side of the body
Posterior (Dorsal)
Back side of the body
The back of the head is posterior to the face
Inferior
Below another structure
The feet are at the inferior part of the body
Superior
Above another structure
The head lies superior to the neck

27. Positional & Directional Terms
Page 52
Positional & Directional Terms
Location
Relationship
Deep
Away from the surface
The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
Superficial
On the surface
Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin

28. Positional & Directional Terms
Page 52
Positional & Directional Terms
Location
Relationship
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure
The proximal end of the thigh bone joins with the hip socket
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk of far from the beginning of a structure
At its distal end, the femur joins with the knee

29. Positional & Directional Terms
Page 52
Positional & Directional Terms
Location
Relationship
Medial
Pertaining to the middle, or nearer the medial plane of the body
When in the anatomic position (palsms of the hands facing outward), the fifth (little) finger is medial
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
When in anatomic position, the thumb is lateral

30. Positional & Directional Terms
Page 52
Positional & Directional Terms
Location
Relationship
Supine
lying on the back
The patient lies supine during an examination of the abdomen & in females, during a pelvic exam
Prone
Lying on the belly
The backbones are examined with the patient in a prone position.

31. Planes of the Body Page 52 Plane Location Frontal (coronal) Plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior & posterior portions.
A common chest x-ray veiw is PA (posteroanterior - veiw from back to from) view, which is in the frontal (coronal) plane
Sagittal (lateral) Plane
Legthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right & left sides.
The midsagittal plane divides the body into right & lefts halves. A lateral (side-to-side) chest x-ray film is taken in the sagittal plane

32. Transverse (axial) Plane
Page 52
Planes of the Body
Plane
Location
Transverse (axial) Plane
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane running across the body parallel to the ground.
This cross-sectional plane divides the body or structure into upper & lower portions. A CT (computed tomography) scan is one of a series of x-ray pictures taken in the transverse (axial or cross-sectional) plane.