1. Pn. Yasmin Yacob 04 – 979 8418 Yasmin.yacob@kukum.edu.my
Week 1 – Session 1
Pn. Yasmin Yacob
04 –
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

2. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
General Information
Contributes 3 units:
2 hours - lectures
2 hours – lab and tutorial
Main Objective:
Students can independently write a computer program to solve calculation problems, especially those related to engineering
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

3. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Overall Evaluation
4 main components:
Assignments (20%)
1st & 2nd Test (10%)
Group Mini-project (30%)
Assignments are individual “take home” + lab
The two tests are written tests
Project : Max number of group member is 2
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

4. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
References
“C How To Program”, Deitel and Deitel,Suhizaz Sudin, R. Badlishah andYasmin Yacob, Pearson-Prentice Hall ,2004
“C Programming for Engineering & Computer Science ”, H.H.Tan and T.B.Orazio, Mc Graw Hill, 1999.
Any other C programming books
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

5. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Notes
This course is NOT about the language per se, it’s about problem solving / analytical skills & to apply C to solve problems.
Write C program in Linux environment
Do early reading
Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

6. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Outline
Computer fundamentals
Computer organization and hardware
Computer software
Programming languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High-level language
Algorithm : pseudocode and flowchart
Control structures
Simple C program
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

7. Computer Fundamentals
Computer system are divided into hardware and software.
Hardware refers to physical components of computers which are:
Main memory
Central Processing Unit(CPU)
Input Device
Output Device
Secondary memory device
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

8. Computer Hardware CPU Control Unit Input Device
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Output Device
Register
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

9. Central Processing Unit(CPU)
CPU is the computer’s administrator and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other section
Consists of two functional units: a control unit and an arithmetic-logic unit(ALU)
Control unit supervises all activities of the computer system
ALU perform basic arithmetic operations and comparison operations
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

10. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Main Memory
keeps information from the input unit
also keeps processed information until it can be placed on output devices
all programs must be loaded into main memory before they can be executed and all data must be brought into main memory before it can be manipulated.
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

11. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Main Memory
Main memory can be further classified into two types:
Random Access Memory (RAM)
information in RAM will be lost when the computer is turned-off.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
they have been set during the manufacturing process. ROM usually contains instructions and information considered to be fundamental to the computer.
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

12. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Secondary Memory
Main memory is only used during processing following certain instructions
Permanent information is NOT stored in main memory but is stored in secondary memory
E.g. program file, data fail etc
E.g hard disk, diskette, CD
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

13. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Input/Output Device
Input device - feeds data and programs into computers
E.g. keyboard, mouse, touch screen, scanners
Output device - display results produced by computer
E.g. monitor, printer, speaker
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

14. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Software
As a complement to hardware, computer system needs software to solve problems.
Software are classified into :
System software
Application software
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

15. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Software
System software : manage the computer and its peripheral devices (hardware)
E.g. Operating systems(OS)
Text editor
Preprocessor
Language translator
Linker
Loader
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

16. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Software
Application software : performs specific tasks
There are two types:
Program to solve specific problems
Program written by user to solve specified problem
E.g word processor, desktop publishing software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, program perform a specific task such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education etc
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

17. Programming Languages
Programming language is divided into three categories:
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

18. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Machine Language
Language understood by the computer
Bunch of 0’s and 1’s
Program written in machine language can be executed without being translated
Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is written in 0’s and 1’s
Program is too long to solve simple problem
Machine-dependant and not portable
E.g
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

19. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Assembly Language
Strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resembles English language to represent computer operation element
Easier to understand and written
E.g
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

20. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Assembly Language
Nevertheless, need language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose
still too long and not portable
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

21. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
High-Level Language
Improve weaknesses in Machine Language and Assembly Language
portable
Written in one instruction to carry out several instruction in machine level
E.g. discount_price = price – discount;
Must be changed to machine code before executed, need compiler : a system software that translate source program to object program
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

22. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Algorithms
The solution to any computing problem involves executing a series of actions in a specific order
Pseudocode : artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms
E.g.
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print “Pass”
else
Print “Fail”
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

23. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Algorithms
Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm
E.g.
Begin
Data
Process 1
Decision
Process 2
End
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

24. Algorithm-Basic symbols in a flowchart
Flow direction
Start/ End
Process
Connector
Input/Output
Decision
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

25. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Flowchart-(E.g)
Start
read num1, num2
sum=num1+num2
print sum
End
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

26. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Control Structure
All programs could be written in terms of three control structures:
Sequence structure
Selection structure
Repetition structure
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

27. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Sequence structure
Is a series of steps executed sequentially by default
Pseudocode
Flowchart
Read num1,num2
Calculate total=num1+num2
Print total
Read num1,num2
total = num1+num2
print total
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

28. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Selection structure
Used to choose among alternative courses of action
C has three types: if, if..else, and switch
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

29. The if selection structure
if structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
true
false
grade >= 60
print “Passed”
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

30. The if..else selection structure
Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is true and when it is false
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed”
else Print “Failed”
true
false
print “Failed”
print “Passed”
grade >= 60
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

31. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Repetition structure
Specifies a block of one or more statements that are repeatedly executed until a condition is satisfied
Three types : while, for,
do-while
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

32. The while repetition structure
Programmer specifies an action is to be repeated while some conditions remains true
product <= 1000
product = 2 * product
true
false
While product is less than or equal 1000
calculate product=2 * product
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

33. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
Simple C Program
//This program will calculate number of RM 50, RM 20, RM 10, RM 5 and RM 1 notes
//for a given value entered by user.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{ int value, balance;
int note50, note20, note10, note5, note1;
printf("Enter value in RM : ");
scanf("%d",&value);
note50 = value / 50;
balance = value % 50;
note20 = balance /20;
balance = balance % 20;
note10 = balance / 10;
balance = balance % 10;
note5 = balance / 5;
note1 = balance % 5;
printf("Number of RM 50 notes : %d\n", note50);
printf("Number of RM 20 notes : %d\n", note20);
printf("Number of RM 10 notes : %d\n", note10);
printf("Number of RM 5 notes : %d\n", note5);
printf("Number of RM 1 notes : %d\n", note1);
return 0; }
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming

34. DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming
End Week 1 – Session 1
Q & A!
KUKUM Sem2-06/07
DKT121: Fundamental of Computer Programming