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String Concepts In general, a string is a series of characters treated as a unit. Computer science has long recognized the importance of strings, but it.

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Presentation on theme: "String Concepts In general, a string is a series of characters treated as a unit. Computer science has long recognized the importance of strings, but it."— Presentation transcript:

1 String Concepts In general, a string is a series of characters treated as a unit. Computer science has long recognized the importance of strings, but it has not adapted a standard for their implementation. We find, therefore, that a string created in Pascal differs from a string created in C. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

2 String Taxonomy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

3 String Formats Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

4 C Strings A C string is a variable-length array of characters that is delimited by the null character. C uses variable-length, delimited strings. A string literal is enclosed in double quotes. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

5 Storing Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

6 Storing Strings and Characters
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

7 Differences Between Strings and Character Arrays
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

8 FIGURE 11-6 Strings in Arrays
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

9 Character Literals and String Literals
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

10 String Literal References
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

11 Defining Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

12 Memory for strings must be allocated before the string can be used.
Note Memory for strings must be allocated before the string can be used. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

13 Initializing Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

14 String Input/Output Functions
C provides two basic ways to read and write strings. First, we can read and write strings with the formatted input/output functions, scanf/fscanf and printf/fprintf. Second, we can use a special set of string-only functions, get string (gets/fgets) and put string ( puts/fputs ). Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

15 The string conversion code(s) skips whitespace.
Note The string conversion code(s) skips whitespace. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

16 The edit set does not skip whitespace.
Reading Strings The edit set does not skip whitespace. Always use a width in the field specification when reading strings. The maximum number of characters to be printed is specified by the precision in the format string of the field specification. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

17 Demonstrate String Scan Set
PROGRAM 11-2 Demonstrate String Scan Set Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

18 Demonstrate String Scan Set
PROGRAM 11-2 Demonstrate String Scan Set Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

19 Delete Leading Whitespace
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

20 Delete Leading Whitespace
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

21 Read Student Names and Scores
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

22 Read Student Names and Scores
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

23 gets and fgets Functions
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

24 Demonstrate fgets Operation
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

25 Demonstrate fgets Operation
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

26 puts and fputs Operations
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

27 Demonstration of Put String
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

28 Demonstration of Put String
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

29 Typewriter Program Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

30 Typewriter Program Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

31 Print Selected Sentences
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

32 Print Selected Sentences
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

33 Print File Double spaced
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

34 Print File Double spaced
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

35 Arrays of Strings Ragged arrays are very common with strings. Consider, for example, the need to store the days of the week in their textual format. We could create a two-dimensional array of seven days by ten characters, but this wastes space. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

36 Print Days of the Week Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

37 Print Days of the Week Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

38 Pointers to Strings Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

39 String Manipulation Functions
Because a string is not a standard type, we cannot use it directly with most C operators. Fortunately, C provides a set of functions to manipulates strings. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

40 Add Left Margin Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

41 Add Left Margin Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

42 String Copy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

43 String-number Copy Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

44 Always use strncpy to copy one string to another.
Note Always use strncpy to copy one string to another. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

45 Build Name Array in Heap
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

46 Build Name Array in Heap
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

47 Build Name Array in Heap
PROGRAM 11-12 Build Name Array in Heap Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

48 Structure for Names Array
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

49 String Compares Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

50 Results for String Compare
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

51 String Concatenation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

52 Character in String (strchr)
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

53 String in String Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

54 String Span Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

55 Streams Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

56 Demonstrate String to Long
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

57 Demonstrate String to Long
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

58 Demonstrate String to Long
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

59 String-to-Number Functions
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

60 Parsing with String Token
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

61 Parsing a String with String Token
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

62 Parsing a String with String Token
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

63 Compare Packed String Function
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

64 Compare Packed String Function
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

65 Compare Packed String Function
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

66 Compare Packed String Function
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

67 Compare Packed String Function
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

68 String/Data Conversion
A common set of applications format data by either converting a sequence of characters into corresponding data types or vice versa. Two such applications are parsing and telecommunications. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

69 sscanf Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

70 Note sscanf is a one-to-many function. It splits
one string into many variables. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

71 sprintf Operation Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

72 Demonstrate Memory Formatting
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

73 Demonstrate Memory Formatting
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

74 Testing for Open and Close Errors
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

75 Testing for Open and Close Errors
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

76 Testing for Open and Close Errors
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

77 A Programming Example— Morse Code
Morse code, patented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837, is the language that was used to send messages by telegraph from the middle of the nineteenth century until the advent of the modern telephone and today’s computer controlled communications systems. In this section, we use a C program to convert English to Morse and Morse to English. Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

78 Morse Code Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

79 Character to Morse Code Structure
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

80 Morse Code Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

81 Morse Code Program Design
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

82 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

83 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

84 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

85 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

86 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

87 Morse Code: main Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

88 Morse Code: Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

89 Morse Code: Menu Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

90 Morse Code: Get Input Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

91 Morse Code: Get Input Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

92 Morse Code: Print Output
PROGRAM 11-21 Morse Code: Print Output Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

93 Morse Code: Encode to Morse
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

94 Morse Code: Encode to Morse
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

95 Morse code: Decode to English
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

96 Morse code: Decode to English
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

97 Morse Code: Convert Codes
Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

98 Morse Code: Convert Codes
PROGRAM 11-24 Morse Code: Convert Codes Computer Science: A Structured Programming Approach Using C

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