1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
EC501 EMBEDDED SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES Understand the concept of embedded system:
Describe the meaning of embedded system
Explain microcontroller as the heart of embedded system
Relate embedded system examples with real life application
Differentiate Microcontroller and microprocessor
Discuss the advantages of microcontroller application

3. Definition
Embedded system: any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer.

4. EMBEDDED SYSTEM Definition
Embedded system is a computer system that cannot be programmed by the user because it is preprogrammed for a specific task and embedded within the equipment which it serves. (McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia:)
Embedded system is a product controlled by its own internal microprocessor or microcontroller with a purpose for specific functions needed for the system

5. component of : embedded system
A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine.
An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine.
An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.
Source:

6. Microcontroller as the Heart of Embedded System
Like
A microcontroller is the data processing
"brain" of an embedded system.
Microcontroller like brain?? Woww.. It is great right?
Receive Input Signal  Process it  Produce an Output

7. Embedding a computer: a very simplified view…
In an embedded system, a microcontroller receives input signals, processes the input signals and generates output signals based on the processing.
CPU
mem
input
output
analog
embedded
computer

8. MICROCONTROLLERS AS HEART OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
For example, in a thermometer embedded system, the microcontroller may receive a signal from a temperature measuring device, process the signal and send data to a display device to show the temperature being sensed.

9. ECE 354 Lecture 1 The Big Picture
What are embedded systems?
Challenges in embedded computing system design.
Design methodologies.
Sophisticated functionality.
Real-time operation.
Low manufacturing cost.
Low power.
Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

10. Examples of Embedded system
Cell phones, Webcams, Navigation Systems
Routers, Blade servers, Wireless PC cards
Automobiles, Car Alarms, Keyless Entry Systems
Building security, card swiping systems
Embedded Medical Devices - Pacemakers

11. Characteristics of embedded systems
Sophisticated functionality.
Real-time operation.
Low manufacturing cost.
Low power.
Reliable and secure.
Designed to tight deadlines by small teams.

12. Characteristics of Embedded System
Embedded systems are designed to do a specific task
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices
The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or flash memory chips.

13. Non-functional requirements
Many embedded systems are mass-market items that must have low manufacturing costs.
Limited memory, microprocessor power, etc.
Power consumption is critical in battery-powered devices.
Excessive power consumption increases system cost even in wall-powered devices.
Must finish operations by deadlines.
Hard real time: missing deadline causes failure.
Soft real time: missing deadline results in degraded performance.

14. Microprocessors in
Embedded Systems

15. Microprocessor alternatives for embedded systems
Ordinary microprocessor: CPU plus on-chip cache units.
Microcontroller: includes I/O devices, on-board memory.
Digital signal processor (DSP): microprocessor optimized for digital signal processing.
Hard core vs. soft core.
Typical embedded word sizes: 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit.

16. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES ..cont…
Physically, embedded systems range from
portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or
the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

17. Applications Areas

18. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES
Embedded systems are used in all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use, including:
Telecommunications systems
Consumer electronics
Transportation systems
Medical equipment
Etc

19. Application Areas • TV • stereo • remote control
• phone / mobile phone
• refrigerator
• microwave
• washing machine
• electric tooth brush
• oven / rice or bread cooker
• watch
• alarm clock
• electronic musical instruments
• electronic toys (stuffed animals,handheld toys, pinballs, etc.)
• medical home equipment (e.g. blood
pressure, thermometer)
• …
• [PDAs?? More like standard computer system]
Consumer Products

20. Application Areas Medical Systems Office Equipment Tools Banking
pace maker, patient monitoring systems, injection systems, intensive care units, …
Office Equipment
printer, copier, fax, …
Tools
multimeter, oscilloscope, line tester, GPS, …
Banking
ATMs, statement printers, …
Transportation
(Planes/Trains/[Automobiles] and Boats)
radar, traffic lights, signalling systems, …

21. Application Areas Automobiles Building Systems Agriculture Space
engine management, trip computer, cruise control, immobilizer, car alarm,
airbag, ABS, ESP, …
Building Systems
elevator, heater, air conditioning, lighting, key card entries, locks, alarm systems, …
Agriculture
feeding systems, milking systems, …
Space
satellite systems, …

22. EMBEDDED SYSTEM EXAMPLES
Line Follower Robot
Washing Machine
For more detail, please refer book page 25
Air-Bag

23. Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum
Slide credit Y Williams, GWU
Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum

24. More examples Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum
Slide credit Y Williams, GWU
Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum

25. Slide credit Y Williams, GWU
Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum

26. Application Areas Facts: 1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers
1997: The average U.S. household has over 10 embedded computers (source:
1998: 90% Embedded Systems vs. 10% Computers
(source: Frautschi,
2001: The Volvo S80 has 18 embedded controllers and 2 busses (source: Volvo)

27. Automobiles

30. Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum
Slide credit S. Kowalewski Aachen University
Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum

32. Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum
Slide credit Y Williams, GWU
Introduction to Embedded Systems Setha Pan-ngum

38. Embedded in a Shoe!
The microprocessor embedded in this adidas running shoe calculates the pressure between the runner's foot and the ground five million times per second and continuously changes the cushioning to match an adjustable comfort level. The computer controls a motor that lengthens and shortens a cable attached to a plastic cushioning element.

39. Microcontroller is great…how about our computer (microprocessor)?
Next slide describe the difference between uP and uC uP uC

40. Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor
Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
Microprocessor is the general purpose microprocessors such as Intel’s x86 family (8086, 80286,80386, and the Pentium) or Motorola’s family

41. Microcontroller versus general-purpose microprocessor
A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

42. Microprocessor based system
A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor must add RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers externally to make them functional.

43. Microprocessor (μP) vs. Microcontroller (μC)
OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor (μP) vs. Microcontroller (μC)
CPU / μP
To store the information (during CPU operation)
Register
ALU
To process the information
Control Unit
To control the direction of information
(CPU, Memory, I/O)

44. μP vs. μC μC OVERVIEW OF MICROCONTROLLER CPU / μP Control Unit ALU
Register
Control Unit
ALU
DATA BUS
Serial COM
RAM
ROM
I/O
Timer
CONTROL BUS
ADDRESS BUS

45. Micro controller system
All the support devices like Read only memory, Read – Write memory, Timer, Serial interface, I/O ports are internal. In other words, the processor, RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer are all on a single chip.

46. Differences between microcontrollers and microprocessor based system
Dedicated to one specific task
Support devices are internal for a micro controller
Micro controllers offer software protection
Time required to build the circuit will be less, the size will be less and power consumption will be less
Not expensive
Can do many different task
Support devices are external in a microprocessor based system
micro processor base system fails to offer a protection system.
Time required to build the circuit will be more, the size will be more and power consumption will be more
Expensive

47. The advantages of microcontroller application
Small size
program is difficult to copy because of copy protection functions and an emulator will be required to copy it.
Reduce chip count
Many applications do not require as much computing power
Reduced power consumption
Reduced design cost

48. End-of-chapter Problems 1
Sheet1
End-of-chapter Problems 1
1. Microcontrollers are normally less expensive than microprocessors . (true/false)
2. When comparing a system board based on a microcontroller and a general purpose microprocessor, which one is cheaper?
3. What does the term embedded system mean?

49. End-of-chapter Problems 1 ..cont..
4. List the differences between microcontroller and microprocessor.
5. List the advantages of microcontroller application.
Microcontroller normally has which of the following devices on-chip?
a) RAM b) ROM c) I/O d) all of the above

50. Thank you
Dr . Hanaa . M