1. The Silver (& Gold) Issue
AP US History
Mr. Cullivan

2. Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

3. Overproduction of crops.
FARMER'S REVOLT
Civil War-time of prosperity—Northern gov’t encouraged farm expansions to feed troops, but by the late late 1800s farmers are in tough times
Overproduction of crops.

4. Farmers blamed Northern businesses for their troubles
Farmer’s Revolt
Farmers blamed Northern businesses for their troubles
Would form into an independent political party and threaten the Democrats and Republicans.
Also called the “People’s Party”, and would become a national political party called the Populists.

5. THE POPULISTS: Grassroots Movement Local and state level
Organized in 1867 in response to farmers’ isolation.
Helped farmers form cooperatives which bought goods in large quantities at lower prices.
The Grange also pressured government to regulate businesses on which farmers depended.
The Grange
People’s Movement Spreads
The Farmers’ Alliance called for political actions that many farmers could support.
The alliances won support for women’s rights.
Blacks allowed but parallel “Colored Farmers’ Alliance.”
Farmers’ Alliance
Could thrown in 6.1.III to sum this all up (12/17/2015)
Becomes a national movemnt
Populists
Farmers’ Alliances formed a new political party, The People’s Party or the Populists.
A national movement that was supported by farmers, the West and parts of the South….
Populists would elect a presidential candidate in the 1892 and 1896 presidential elections.

6. Founder of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (1867)

7. Successful at the local and state level with the Granger laws.
Grange movement, a coalition of U.S. farmers, of the 1870s. Had social and educational components.
Successful at the local and state level with the Granger laws.
Gift for the Grangers: The Farmer Pays for All!

8. Populist Platform of 1892 Purer democracy: more involvement of people
Women’s suffrage
Direct election of U.S. senators
Australian Secret Ballot
Term limits for Congress
Govt. ownership of RRs, telephone & telegraph companies.
Income tax
Initiative and referendum
Citizens propose and review legislation
Restriction of undesirable immigration.
8-hour work day for government employees.
Demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver
A single term for President & Vice President.

9. Bimetallic Standard Review
Since 1790, a Gold standard ratio of 16:1
Silver dollars  worthless
Crime of ’73
Discontinued selling of silver to gov’t
New strikes  increased silver supply-gov’t buys more silver
Miners and farmers seek inflation
Front and back of an 1873 Silver Dollar

10. FARMER'S COMPLAINTS
The Money Issue
Farmers wanted an increase in the money supply, the amount of money in the national economy.
WHY? Value of every dollar drops, leads to a widespread rise in prices, or inflation.
This trend would benefit people who borrow money (farmers), but it would not be good for money lenders (banks).
A decrease in the money supply would cause deflation.
Monetary policy, the federal government’s plan for the makeup and quantity of the nation’s money supply, thus emerged as a major political issue.

11. Laws and Silver Bland-Allison Act-1878
Gov’t purchases $2-$4m per month
Hayes vetoes/still passes
Treasury Dept. buys minimums
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Compromise to pass McKinley Tariff
Increased amount of gold gov’t buys per month
Treasury buys silver with notes redeemable in silver and gold

12. $ Drama Panic of 1893 Run on gold from the Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Gov’t attempts to keep stock of gold
Reserves fall from $200m in gold to $41m in 2 years
Cleveland repeals Sherman Silver Purchase Act
JP Morgan purchases $65m in gov’t bonds

13. Results of the 1893 Panic Began 10 days after Cleveland took office.
Several major corps. went bankrupt.
Over 16,000 businesses disappeared.
Triggered a stock market crash.
Over-extended investments.
Bank failures followed causing a contraction of credit [nearly 500 banks closed].
By 1895, unemployment reached 3 million.
Americans cried out for relief, but the Govt. continued its laissez faire policies!!

14. Coxey’s Army, 1894
Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. Officially named the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring. It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.
Jacob Coxey & his “Army of the Commonwealth of Christ.”
March on Washington  “hayseed socialists!”

15. THE POPULIST REVOLT
In 1893, Jacob Coxey, (leader of Coxey’s Army) of Massillon, Ohio, and some 20,000 men and women began a march to Washington, DC.
Demanded US Govt. public works programs, mainly railroads for the nation's unemployed.

16. THE POPULIST REVOLT
600 protesters persisted through the length of the journey and on May 1,
"Coxey's Army" reached Washington and marched along Pennsylvania Avenue.
Before "General" Coxey could deliver a historic speech, however, he was arrested by District police - for walking on the grass.

17. Result of Election Returns
Populist vote increased by 40% in the bi-election year,1894.
Democratic party losses in the West were catastrophic!
But, Republicans won control of the House.

18. Election of 1896 McKinley for Republicans
Platform
Maintain gold standard
High protective tariffs
Who would this appeal to?
Democrats unhappy with Cleveland
Laws
Republican gains
Who to replace Cleveland?
William McKinley
William Jennings Bryan

19. Election of 1896 Continued
William Jennings Bryan emerges after “Cross of Gold” speech
“Gold Bugs” bolt after Bryan secures nomination
Bryan’s platform
Reduced tariff
Strict regulation of RR and industry
Principle of the income tax
Limiting the use of the injunction
Free & unlimited coinage of silver

20. Populists Left “out in the cold” What to do? Nominate candidate?
Support Bryan?

21. Campaign Strategy Republican Democratic
“McKinley and the full dinner pail.”
Front porch campaign
“Spellbinder”
Democratic
Bryan campaigns fervently

22. Bryan’s Downfall Bryan’s undoing
Employer tools-workers jobs threatened
Revivalist style—alienates which group in America?
Price of wheat rises last months of election
Few Republican farmers join (liked laissez-faire)
Inability to sustain emotionalism
Campaign spending
$4.8m vs. $.3m

23. McKinley Administration
Conservative
1897 Dingley Tariff enacted
Gold Standard Act of 1900 (gold only)
Return to prosperity
Foreign crop failures
Recovery from Panic of 1893
Technology/new gold discoveries

24. The Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum

25. 1964: Henry Littlefield’s Thesis?

26. a. The Wizard of Oz Thesis  
b. The Tin Woodsman = eastern industrial worker  
c. The Scarecrow = farmer
Wicked Witch of the East = Bankers
Wicked Witch of the West =Drought  
d. Dorothy and her "silver slippers" = the proposed silver standard  
e. The Cowardly Lion = William Jennings Bryan
f. The Yellow-Brick Road = the gold standard supported by financiers  
g. The Wizard of Oz = President William McKinley  
h. Toto = a small, black dog