1. Absolute Rulers of Russia
Chapter 21
Section 4

4. Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IV
Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Terrible”
Came to the throne when he was only 3 years old.
Power struggles between King and BOYARS 
 landowning NOBLES
At the age of 16 he crowned himself czar (Caesar) and took control!

5. Two Stages of Ivan’s Life
“Good Stage” –
Married Anastasia
Expanded Russia’s lands
Cleaned-up the Russian legal system
WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned.
“Bad Stage” –
Ivan put together a “secret police” who went around hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000s)
Killed his own son (oldest)

7. Details about killing his son
In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage.
His son, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death.

9. Russia’s Struggles
After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only his weak, youngest son to rule.
He was too weak to lead effectively.
He died without an heir.
Then there was a question of who would now become czar…
Czar Peter the Great
This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia (lasts 300 years)

10. Czar Peter I Known as Peter the Great 6’8” tall Took over in 1696
Strengthened the power of the czar ( added to his ABSOLUTE POWER)
When Peter took over, Russia was very backwards, in that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, serfdom...etc
Peter was determined to change this.

13. Peter’s Reforms In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe.
Peter wanted to learn about their customs and manufacturing techniques.
In order to make “Westernize” Russia, Peter had to strengthen his ABSOLUTE POWER
1. Controlled the Russian Church
2. Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a Middle Class
3. Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)

14. Peter’s Westernization of Russia
The Westernization Process
1. Introduced Potatoes as a part of their diet
2. Started a newspaper
3. Allowed women to attend social gatherings
4. Had the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions
5. Education Focus: Navigation, Arts, and Sciences
6. St. Petersburg: Russia’s warm water port (named after Peter’s Patron Saint)
Results of Peter’s Actions: Russia became modernized, and better off as a result of his efforts.

19. 1. St. Petersburg has been called Russia’s Window to the West. 2
1. St. Petersburg has been called Russia’s Window to the West. 2. Unlike Moscow, which features red bricks and domes, St. Petersburg’s canals and neoclassical architecture was designed by Italians, giving the city a European look. 3. It also has a European feel, with modern art galleries and underground clubs, which make the city a spectatle at night.

22. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Chapter 21 Section 5
Parliament Limits the
English Monarchy

23. Monarchs Defy Parliament
First, you need to understand that a MONARCHY is a form of ABSOLUTISM.
The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that they were above the law (i.e. – Parliament)
Parliament – English version of Congress

24. Monarchs vs. Parliament
Queen Elizabeth – she had problems with the parliament regarding money
James I – he had problems with the parliament regarding religion
Charles I – fired the Parliament – just got rid of it!

25. Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
James’s Problems
James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603
Struggles with Parliament over money, Church reform
Charles I Fights Parliament
James’s son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625
Also fights with Parliament over money
Parliament forces him to sign Petition of Right in 1628
Petition limits Charles’s power, but he ignores it

26. Details: Charles I vs. Parliament
Charles fired Parliament
Then he needed them back to get him some money –
He “re-hired” them.
The only way that Parliament would give him money is if he signed the Petition of Right.
No false imprisonment
No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
No housing of soldiers in homes
No martial (absolute) law in peace time
Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it.
Parliament then withheld money – He fired them again…

27. Also called “Royalists”
English Civil War
Why? – because the people were mad at Charles for firing the Parliament (and Parliament was mad too)
When? – 1642 – 1649
Loyalists
Supported Charles
Called “Cavilers”
Also called “Royalists”
Puritans
Supported Parliament
Called Roundheads
Leader was Oliver Cromwell VS

28. Results of the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell’s Roundheads defeated the Cavilers and imprisoned Charles
They put him on trial, sentenced him to death – chopped his head off.

29. Changes in Power Oliver Cromwell took over following the civil war
Formed a military state
Very strict
Charles II in power
After Cromwell died, the people wanted to have a king – Charles II (Charles I son) took over.
He got along better with the Parliament, restoration took place in England.

30. Glorious Revolution 1685 Charles II died with NO heir
His brother James II took over (but he was catholic!)
He soon offended Parliament and voted some Catholic friends into high office (against the law)
Parliament protested, so he fired them
His wife then had a son and the people were scared that a long line of Catholics would rule.

31. Glorious Revolution (cont’d)
HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter (Mary) who married William of Orange.
Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He brought and army, James II was scared and fled the country
Thus, the Glorious Revolution began and ended with no fighting
William and Mary begin their reign and develop a
CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY :
There is a monarch in place,
however they are limited in
their power