1. Psychology Stephen F. Davis Emporia State University
Joseph J. Palladino University of Southern Indiana
PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman
Metropolitan Community College-Omaha
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

2. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Chapter 7
Memory
Prepared by Michael J. Renner, Ph.D.
These slides ©1999 Prentice Hall Psychology Publishing.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

3. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Initial Studies
Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted the pioneering research on memory in the late 1800s.
Ebbinghaus devised nonsense syllables, which he believed had no meaning attached to them, to study how associations between stimuli are formed.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

4. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Initial Studies
Ebbinghaus devised nonsense syllables, which he believed had no meaning attached to them, to study how associations between stimuli are formed.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

5. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Initial Studies
Through the use of serial learning, Ebbinghaus determined that much of what we learn is forgotten very shortly after a learning session.
Other methods include paired-associate learning and free recall.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

6. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Initial Studies
These basic methods were developed and expanded by incorporating additional tasks, such as the recognition test and the relearning test
The savings score is produced by the relearning method.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

7. Traditional Models of Memory
Some investigators have drawn a parallel between the computer and human memory.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

8. Traditional Models of Memory
Computers and human memory have (a) an input or encoding stage, (b) a storage process, and (c) a retrieval process.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

9. Traditional Models of Memory
The stages-of-memory model of memory proposes that memories can be processed in different ways.
There are three types of memory: sensory, short-term, and long-term.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

10. Traditional Models of Memory
Sensory memory is a very brief (lasting one-half to 1 second) memory for a large array of stimuli.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

11. Traditional Models of Memory
Short-term memory (STM) is more limited in capacity than sensory memory but lasts longer (10 to 20 seconds).
Working memory is the second stage of short-term memory, during which attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on material.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

12. Traditional Models of Memory
With practice or rehearsal, memories may persist even longer and ultimately be transferred to more permanent storage in long-term memory (LTM).
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

13. Traditional Models of Memory
Memories may not be retrievable from LTM because they have faded or because of interference by other memories.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

14. Traditional Models of Memory
Proactive Interference occurs when old material interferes with the retrieval of material learned more recently.
Retroactive interference occurs when recently learned material interferes with the retrieval of material learned earlier.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

15. Traditional Models of Memory
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

16. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Craik and Lockhart proposed only one type of memory.
The level of processing may determine the permanence of the storage of this memory.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

17. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Other researchers have proposed that there is more than one type of long-term memory.
Four types have been identified: procedural, semantic, episodic, and priming or implicit memory.
Each serves to store a different kind of information.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

18. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon has been used to study the network of semantic memories
The study of flashbulb memories has provided information about episodic memory.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

19. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Research on the retrieval of memories has shown that we scan both STM and LTM to locate an item we wish to recall.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

20. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Encoding specificity has a great deal to do with the ease with which a memory is retrieved.
If the cues that were present when a memory was encoded or stored are not present during retrieval, it is difficult to retrieve that memory.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

21. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Encoding specificity appears to be at work in state dependent learning, which states that we recall information
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

22. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
It has been suggested that memories of childhood sexual abuse may be repressed and recalled during adulthood.
Many of these repressed memories appear to have been induced during therapy sessions by suggestions made by the therapist.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

23. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
The number of sessions, distribution of practice, meaningfulness of items, similarity of items, and serial position of items influence human learning.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

24. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Our memory can be improved by using a mnemonic device such as imagery.
The method of loci and the peg-word technique are two popular mnemonic devices.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

25. Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall
Other Approaches
Grouping and coding are two other techniques that can be used as memory aids.
Acronyms, words formed by the first letter(s) of the items to be remembered, and acrostics, a verse or saying in which the first letter(s) of each word stands for a bit of information, are two popular forms of coding.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

26. The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory
Physical trauma may result in a loss of memory known as amnesia.
Anterograde amnesia occurs when new information cannot be stored, although old memories remain intact.
Anterograde amnesia can result from damage to the hippocampus.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall

27. The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory
Retrograde amnesia occurs when memories for events that happened before the traumatic event are lost.
Retrograde amnesia may occur when memories are not allowed to consolidate or set.
Copyright 2004 Prentice Hall