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GENETIC TRAIT INVENTORY

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1 GENETIC TRAIT INVENTORY
These are the traits that have been passed on to you by your parents…

2 BENT PINKY FINGER There are people who have a pinky finger that turns inward toward the fourth or ring finger. Some people with this condition do have crooked bones, but the finger still appears straight like a normal finger. A crooked little finger is also known as, clinodactyly. Clinodactyly is a Greek term for "bent digit," and is used to describe a bent finger or even toe. It is actually a rare disorder, affecting 10% or less of the population.

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4 COLORBLINDNESS Red-green colorblindness is caused by a single gene located on the X- chromosome. This gene codes for a protein in the eye that detects certain colors of light. When this gene is defective, the eye cannot differentiate between red and green. You need at least one working copy of the gene to be able to see red and green. Since boys have just one X-chromosome, which they receive from their mother, inheriting one defective copy of the gene will render them colorblind. Girls have two X-chromosomes; to be colorblind they must inherit two defective copies, one from each parent. Consequently, red-green colorblindness is much more frequent in boys (1 in 12) than in girls (1 in 250). Red-green color blindness follows a very predictable recessive, sex-linked inheritance pattern. A woman with one defective copy of the gene and one functional copy, even though she is not colorblind herself, is known as a "carrier." She has a 50% chance of passing the defective copy to each of her children. Half of her sons will be colorblind, and half of her daughters will be carriers.

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6 DARWIN’S EAR POINT The dominant "Darwin's" earpoint gene results in the inside curve of the uppermost ear fold to have a crease or angle to it. Recessive individuals have a very rounded inside curve of the uppermost ear fold.

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8 DIMPLES Dimples are small, natural indentations on the cheeks. They can appear on one or both sides, and they often change with age. Some people are born with dimples that disappear when they’re adults; others develop dimples later in childhood. Dimples are highly heritable, meaning that people who have dimples tend to have children with dimples—but not always. Because their inheritance isn't completely predictable, dimples are considered an “irregular” dominant trait. Having dimples is probably controlled mainly by one gene but also influenced by other genes.

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10 EAR LOBES If earlobes hang free, they are detached. If they connect directly to the sides of the head, they are attached. Earlobe attachment is a continuous trait: while most earlobes can be neatly categorized as attached or unattached, some are in-between. Although some sources say that this trait is controlled by a single gene, with unattached earlobes being dominant over attached earlobes, no published studies support this view. Earlobe attachment and shape are inherited, but it is likely that many genes contribute to this trait. As such, its pattern of inheritance is difficult to predict.

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12 EYE COLOR It turns out that eye color and most hair colors are way too complicated to be simple dominant/recessive traits. Surprisingly, blue-eyed parents sometimes have a brown-eyed child. Now this isn't that common so we could still say that blue eyes are mostly recessive. The same isn't really true for blonde hair.

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14 FRECKLES Freckles are small, concentrated spots of a skin pigment called melanin. Most fair-skinned, red-haired people have them. Freckles are controlled primarily by the MC1R gene. Freckles show a dominant inheritance pattern: parents who have freckles tend to have children with freckles. Variations, also called alleles, of MC1R control freckle number. Other genes and the environment influence freckle size, color, and pattern. For example, sun exposure can temporarily cause more freckles to appear.

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16 HAIR COLOR All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair. Eumelanin, which has two subtypes of black or brown, determines the darkness of the hair color. ... According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair color. One phenotype (brown/blonde) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele.

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18 HAND CLASPING Without thinking about it, fold your hands together by interlocking your fingers. Which thumb is on top—your left or your right? One study found that 55% of people place their left thumb on top, 45% place their right thumb on top, and 1% have no preference. A study of identical twins concluded that hand clasping has a strong genetic basis (most twins share the trait), but it doesn’t fit a predictable inheritance pattern. It is likely affected by multiple genes as well as environmental factors.

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20 HITCHIKER’S THUMB Hitchhiker's thumb does not come about by spending hours on the freeway waiting for a lift. It is a recessive genetic trait that allows people to bend their digit into an unusual shape.

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22 MID DIGITAL HAIR Some people have hair on the back of the middle segment of some fingers. Individuals with hair on the middle segment of at least one finger are considered to have the trait mid-digital hair

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24 PTC PAPER To about 75% of us, the chemical PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) tastes very bitter. For the other 25%, it is tasteless. The ability to taste PTC is controlled mainly by a single gene that codes for a bitter-taste receptor on the tongue. Different variations, or alleles, of this gene control whether PTC tastes bitter or not. PTC tasting follows a very predictable pattern of inheritance. Tasting is dominant, meaning that if you have at least one copy of the tasting version of the gene, you can taste PTC. Non-tasters have two copies of the non-tasting allele. To learn more, visit PTC: Genes and Bitter Taste.

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26 TONGUE FOLDING Can you roll your tongue? If so, you’re part of the majority. Between 65 and 81 percent of people on Earth have this strange and seemingly arbitrary talent. But why can some do it while others can’t? The most common answer, the one often taught in elementary schools and museums, is that it’s all about genetics. The story goes that, if you inherited a dominant variation of the “tongue rolling gene” from one of your parents, you too will inherit this party trick. In other words, if you can’t do it, blame mom and dad.

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28 TONGUE ROLLING Some people can curl up the sides of their tongue to form a tube shape. In 1940, Alfred Sturtevant observed that about 70% of people of European ancestry could roll their tongues and the remaining 30% could not. Many sources state that tongue rolling is controlled by a single gene. However, as Sturtevant observed, people can learn to roll their tongue as they get older, suggesting that environmental factors—not just genes—influence the trait. Consistent with this view, just 70% of identical twins share the trait (if tongue rolling were influenced only by genes, then 100% of identical traits would share the trait).

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30 WIDOW’S PEAK If your hairline forms a point at the center of the forehead, you have a widow's peak. If not, you have a straight hairline. While some sources say that widow’s peak is a dominant trait controlled by one gene, no scientific study supports this claim. Complicating the question of heritability is the fact that the trait is continuous: some people have just a slight suggestion of a peak. Widow's peak is likely controlled by genes rather than the environment. But while hairline shape tends to run in families, its pattern of inheritance is usually unpredictable, suggesting that multiple genes are involved.

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