1. Chapter 22: The French Revolution and Napoleon
French Revolution Begins

2. First Estate Roman Catholic clergy 1% of the population
Owned 10% of land
Paid no taxes
Collected the tithe
Controlled education, hospitals

3. Second Estate Nobility and King 1% of the population
Owned majority of land
Paid few taxes
Could tax, collect rent
Could wear a sword
Practiced primogeniture
Louis XV

4. Third Estate 98% of the population Paid the majority of taxes
Paid rent on lands
Could not own land
Three sub-groups
Bourgeoisie
Educated
Believed in Enlightenment ideals
Artisans
Earned low wages
Peasants
Peasants – 80%
Paid half their income to nobles, tithes, and taxes

5. Three Estates

6. Forces of Change
People began questioning the structure of government and society
Inspired by the American Revolution
Inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment

7. UNDERLYING CAUSES SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Growing resentment of lower class (Third Estate)
High taxes
Out of work
Hungry
Lack of social status & power
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
Economy failing
Increased population
High taxes
High cost of living
Bad weather causes crop failures
Spending by king/queen—in debt

8. 1789 ABUSES OF THE OLD REGIME POLITICAL ABUSES
Paid for part of the American Revolution
King Louis XVI paid little attention
to the government
Queen Marie Antoinette disliked
Spent too much money
Source: kidz-labs-volcano-making-kit-l.jpg

9. Chapter 22: The French Revolution and Napoleon
French Revolution Begins

10. Causes of the French Revolution
1. Inequality between the social classes
2. Ideas of the Enlightenment
Out with the old monarchial system
However do it through peaceful measures
3. Collapse of the French economy

11. Causes of the French Revolution
1. Inequality between the social classes
First Estate: Clergy (130,000)
Second Estate: Nobility (350,000)
Third Estate: Middle Class and Peasants (26.5 million)
Middle Class (Bourgeoisie) complained of noble privilege
Bankers, doctors, lawyers, merchants
Peasants: had to pay duty to nobles (serfdom)
Craftsman: price of goods rose quicker than wages
All had to pay Taille (Income Tax)

12. Causes of the French Revolution
2. Ideas of the Enlightenment
Out with the old monarchial system
However do it through peaceful measures
Rousseau and Locke led charge in philosophy
Similar to what we saw in American Revolution

13. Causes of the French Revolution
3. Collapse of the French economy
Bad harvests of crops
Manufacturing issues
Monarchy’s extreme spending for:
Helping the American colonists
Marie Antoinette’s shopping
Palace luxuries

14. When King Louis XVI needed money, he called the Estates General into session to make the nobles pay taxes

15. (assembly of representatives)
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
Estates-General
(assembly of representatives)
Met for the first time in 175 years (May 5, 1789)
Source: kidz-labs-volcano-making-kit-l.jpg

16. The Third Estate felt that each representative should be given a vote
The Third Estate felt that each representative should be given a vote. When the First and Second Estates disagreed…..
Third Estate withdrew and formed the National Assembly.

17. National Assembly
Third Estate, mostly bourgeoisie, insisted all three estates meet together and each delegate cast a vote
King Louis XVI favored the nobles and ordered separate meetings
The Third Estate renamed itself the National Assembly with the goal of passing laws and reforming France, June 17, 1789

18. The National Assembly May 5, 1789 Meeting of the Estates-General
Third Estate has twice as many as any other Estate
Their goal was to set up constitutional government.
June 17, 1789
Declared themselves the National Assembly and were drafting constitution
Tennis Court Oath (June 20)
After being locked out of Assembly, swore to create their own Constitution

19. Tensions Rise July 14th, 1789 The Bastille Prison and armory in Paris
Stormed by Parisians
After 4 hours, the warden surrenders and is beheaded
The Great Fear
Constant threat of a military intervention from the king
Peasant rebellions in every village

20. End of the Monarchy August 26th, 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man is adopted
All men free and equal before the law
No group exempt from taxes
Public office based on merit
Freedom of speech and the press
Did not include women
October 5th, 1789
Louis XVI forced to accept the Declaration by the people
A day later forced to return to Paris

21. End of the Monarchy Catholic Church New Constitution of 1791
National Assembly seizes control of Church
Sells off land to help settle the French Budget
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The people will elect church officials
State will pay their salaries as well to keep them in line
New Constitution of 1791
Limited monarchy
King existed but the Legislative Assembly made the laws
Many people disagreed with the new government

22. End of the Monarchy Paris Commune Group of radicals
Wanted to reform the government
Took Louis XVI captive
Universal Male Suffrage
All adult males had the right to vote
Sans-culottes: Identified by the long pants that they wore instead of knee length pants

23. Chapter 22: The French Revolution and Napoleon
Radical Revolution and Reaction

24. The National Convention
New governing body in France
Mostly young lawyers and other professionals
September 21, 1792: Abolished the monarchy
Radicalism grew with groups such as Girondins, Mountain, and Jacobins
January 21, 1793: Louis XVI is executed
Weapon of choice: Guillotine

25. Committee of Public Safety
The new French government formed the Committee of Public Safety.
This Committee took over the French Revolution. It was led by Maximilien Robespierre.
The Committee launched a Reign of Terror in 1793 to save the Revolution.

26. REIGN OF TERROR Robespierre leads as a DICTATOR
Guillotine used as an efficient & “humane” means of execution.
King Louis XVI is executed
Marie Antoinette & Danton are imprisoned & executed
Members of the 3rd Estate executed if they were seen as enemies of the revolution (85% of all those killed during the Reign of Terror)
Cy- Ranch

27. The Reign of Terror
Lasts from September 1793 to July 1794
During it, about 40,000 people are executed throughout France.
Occurs when the radicals take over the National Convention and start making radical reforms.
Anybody who wasn’t radical enough risked getting radically executed.
Entity in charge was the Committee of Public Safety (IRONY ALERT!)

28. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Committee of Public Safety
Maximilien Robespierre
Job was to defend France from domestic threats
Anyone against the radicals were executed
40,000 killed (16,000 by guillotine)
Marie Antoinette executed
City of Lyon used as example
City of Nantes: Victims loaded onto a barge then sunk

29. Reign of Terror Republic of Virtue (Robespierre)
Democratic republic composed of good people
Education for everyone
Slavery abolished
De-Christianization of France
All cathedrals became “temples of reason”
All use of term “saint” removed
Calendar
Each month was 3 ten day weeks
Began on September 22nd 1792 (1st day of French Republic)
Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794 to end it

30. Members of the Convention eventually fear for their own heads and they betray him.
He’s arrested and executed.
People didn’t like Robespierre’s radicalness and de-Christianization.
The Terror also did its job and Robespierre was no longer as necessary.
The Revolution ate him.

31. The Directory Set up under the Constitution of 1795
2 legislative houses of 500 (Lower) and 250 (upper)
Council of 500 drafted laws
Council of Elders accepted the laws
All members elected by electors (30,000 voters in all France)
The Directory ( )
Council of 5 chosen by the Elders
Known for corruption
1799: Napoleon destroys Directory and seizes power