1. Chapter 15 Table of Contents Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Theory of Evolution
Chapter 15
Table of Contents
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Section 3 Evolution in Action

2. Chapter 15 What is Evolution
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
What is Evolution
Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types.
Ex. Giraffes’ long necks.
Evolution does NOT deal with individuals, but with entire populations

3. Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals

4. The Idea of Evolution, continued
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
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The Idea of Evolution, continued
Who is Charles Darwin?
An English naturalist who traveled around the world on a ship called the Beagle and went on to form one of the most important theories in Biology: Evolution.
Ideas of Darwin’s Time
Started in 17th and 18th centuries
Because geologists and naturalists started comparing geologic processes, fossils, and living animals around the world.

5. The Idea of Evolution, continued
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Idea of Evolution, continued
Ideas about Geology
Among geologists, Cuvier (a French anatomist) promoted the idea of catastrophism by studying and reconstructing fossil.
Catastrpphism is the idea that sudden geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms at certain points in the past.
Lyell (english geologist) promoted the idea of uniformitarianism. Which is the idea that the geologic processes that have changed the shape of Earth’s surface in the past continue to work in the same ways.
Darwin used these ideas when he studied around the world.

6. The Idea of Evolution, continued
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Idea of Evolution, continued
Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution
Among naturalists, Lamarck (French Biologist) proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution.
He thought simple organisms could arise from nonliving matter, and simple forms developed into complex forms. He thought individuals could acquire traits and pass them down.
Ex. Maggots
The idea Is no longer accepted.

7. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
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Visual Concept

8. Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas Descent with Modification
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Ideas
Descent with Modification
Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution (decent with modification).

9. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Voyage

10. Darwin’s Ideas, continued
Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
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Darwin’s Ideas, continued
Natural Selection
Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases.
Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness (an measure of an individual’s heredity contribution to the enxt generation).
Ex. Zebras

11. Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
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Natural Selection

12. Chapter 15 Adaptation Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Also known as Differential Reproduction.
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Visual Concept

13. Chapter 15 The Fossil Record
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record
Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules.
Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions.

14. The Fossil Record, continued
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record, continued
The Age of Fossils
Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth.
Sometimes fossils are compared to other fossils and told as a relative age.
Other times fossils are given an actual number usually due to radioactive dating.
The Distribution of Fossils
The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.

15. The Fossil Record, continued
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record, continued
Superposition
The idea that rock strata (layers) are ordered oldest on the bottom, youngest on top as long as the location has not been disturbed.
Transitional Species
Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification.

16. Evidence of Whale Evolution
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Evidence of Whale Evolution

17. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Biogeography
Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification.
Ex. Animals of Australia

18. Anatomy and Physiology
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Anatomy and Physiology
In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins.
Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin.
Ex. Forelimbs of humans, penguins, alligators, and bats.

19. Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Vestigial Features
A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure.
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Visual Concept

20. Related species show similarities in embryological development.
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Similarities in Embryology
Related species show similarities in embryological development.
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Visual Concept

21. Chapter 15 Biological Molecules Biological Molecules
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Biological Molecules
Biological Molecules
Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history.
Developing Theory
Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge.
Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated.

22. Hemoglobin Comparison
Section 2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Hemoglobin Comparison

23. Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards
Ongoing examples of evolution among living organisms can be observed, recorded, and tested.
In convergent evolution, organisms that are not closely related resemble each other because they have responded to similar environments.

24. Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards, continued
Section 3 Evolution in Action
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Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards, continued
Divergence and Radiation
In divergent evolution, related populations become less similar as they respond to different environments.
Adaptive radiation is the divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new environment.

25. Comparing Convergent and Divergent Evolution
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Comparing Convergent and Divergent Evolution
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Visual Concept

26. Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species

27. Chapter 15 Artificial Selection Coevolution
Section 3 Evolution in Action
Chapter 15
Artificial Selection
The great variety of dog breeds is an example of artificial selection.
Coevolution
The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is an example of coevolution in progress.