1. The Peopling of the World
Chapter 1
The Peopling of the World

4. Introduction Pre-History - The time before writing (about 3,000 BC)
Archaeologists – bones & artifacts (man made objects – pottery, bones, tools, artwork)
Anthropologists – culture (a group’s way of life)
Paleontologists – fossils (plant, animal remains)
Methods – Radiocarbon dating, DNA
History – The time since written records
BCE – before common era (BC – “before Christ”)
CE – common era (AD – “Anno Domini”– year of our lord or “after death”)
Circa (c.) – about/approximately

5. Paleolithic – Old Stone Age
2.5 million BC – 8,000 BC (BCE)
Nomadic
Hunters and gatherers
Use of fire, tools (stone, bone, wood)
No real leader, equality
Lived in small groups
Paintings in caves

6. Neolithic – New Stone Age
8,000 BC – 3,000 BC
Most important development in history
“Agricultural revolution”
Farming develops; slash and burn
Control of environment
Domestication of animals
No need to travel – rise of CIVILIZATION!
Provides regular & surplus food supply; new tools

7. Neolithic cont. Many developed in river valleys – WHY? Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China

8. Characteristics of Civilization
Advanced cities
Specialization of labor
Complex institutions
Long lasting pattern of organization (government, religion, education, etc.)
Writing
Technology

9. Fertile Crescent (Cradle of Civilization)
Mesopotamia
Fertile Crescent (Cradle of Civilization)
Iraq
Syria
Jordan
Israel
Egypt
Lebanon

11. Sumer & Civilization Cities Specialized Workers
Between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq)
“Fertile Crescent” – Mesopotamia
Ur, Uruk, Eridu
Specialized Workers
Surplus food freed labor supply, specialized
Artisans – skilled workers; farmers, etc.
Social classes emerge; hierarchy

12. Sumer & Civilization cont.
Writing
Scribes – record keepers needed to keep track of products (grain, livestock)
Cuneiform – Sumerian writing
Complex Institutions
Governments emerge to regulate people
Religion/Priests – Ziggurats (temples)

13. Sumerian Ziggurat

14. Sumer & Civilization cont.
Technology
New tools, techniques, inventions
Pottery, plows, irrigation (impact?)
Advances in metal work – bronze (copper & tin) – Bronze age

15. Sumerian Science & Tech.
Wagon wheel
Arch & Dome
Potter’s wheel
Number system based on 60
12 month calendar
Bronze (copper & tin)
Metal plow
Irrigation (canals)
Sailboats

17. 5 Characteristics of Civilization?
CITIES
SPECIALIZATION
INSTITUTIONS
WRITING
TECHNOLOGY