1. 1. Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw?
2. What are the people doing?
3. Why do Muslims kneel, bow, and touch their foreheads to the ground when they pray?

2. Kaaba Islam’s most sacred sanctuary Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.
It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba
50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long
The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran
Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran

4. Dome of the Rock Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.
Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here
He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people
Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac

5. What is the holiest object in Islam?
Where is it located?
List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam.
What is the Dome of the Rock?
What 3 religions consider this site sacred? Why?

6. Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have surrendered.
10. What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus?
11. How do Muslims view Jesus?
12. What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share?

7. 13. What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world?
14. What 3 cities were important trade centers?
15. Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the Arab Empire?
Pages
Page 204
Page 205

8. The Arab Empire and Its Successors
Abbasid Dynasty
C.E.
Umayyad Dynasty
570 C.E.
Birth of Muhammad
16. Which Muslim dynasty was in power in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were defeated in Gaul, halting Arab expansion in Europe?
About how many years did the Abbasid Dynasty last?
Muslims split into 2 main sects (Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by Hussein in what year?
680 C.E.
Hussein leads revolt against Umayyad rule

9. Bedouin – Nomadic clans
Problems
No successor to Muhammad
Caliph – Political and religious successor to Muhammad

10. Sunni
Muhammad left no successor
Felt caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders
One is appointed from among peers
Abu Bakr—Friend of Muhammad
Majority of Muslims belong to this sect
Shiite
Muhammad left a chosen successor
Felt only true successors were blood descendents of Muhammad
Ali—Son-in-law, cousin of Muhammad

11. What is a caliph?
What 2 sects did Islam split into?
What sect do most Muslims belong to?

12. Umayyad Rule Starts with Mu’awiya Capital moved to Damascus Booty
Taxes
Governors
Religious freedom
Construction projects

13. Decline and Fall Some abandon simple lifestyle
Many Muslims dissatisfied
Abbas – Leader of dissatisfied Muslims
Allies with Shiites
Revolt against Damascus
Reconciliation Banquet
Slaughtered Umayyads

14. Abbasid 750-1258 Independent kingdoms forming
1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority
captured and controlled Baghdad
Crusades 1095
Christians capture portions of Holy Land
Saladin
Mongols 1258

15. 22. How far north did the Islam empires spread?
Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197
22. How far north did the Islam empires spread?
23. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?

16. The Crusades In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine
where Jesus Christ had lived and preached
Muslims were tolerant
let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths
Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
Persecuted Christian pilgrims
1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help
Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

17. The Crusades continued
Between , there were 7 crusades
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God
1st Crusade: ( )
French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem
Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods
Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable
Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa
2nd Crusade: ( )
2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back
Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

18. Crusades continued 3rd Crusade: (1189-1192)
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river
English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea
captured the coastal cities
unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem
Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast
King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here
Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

19. Muslim leader
Established the Ayyubid Dynasty
Very devout
Legendary chivalry
Defeated Europeans in the 2nd and Crusades
Spared Jerusalem
Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city
Saladin ( )

20. Italian port cities prospered economically
Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge
Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods
Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;
weakened the Byzantine Empire
Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe
Broke down feudalism;
Paved the way for the development of European nation-states
Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

21. 24. What caused the Crusades?
25. What were the effects of the Crusades?
26. Who fought in the Crusades?

22. Mongols 1258, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia
Ended Abbasid Caliphate
Hulegu sacked Baghdad
Destroyed libraries, mosques, palaces
Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)

23. Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the Mongols at the Red Sea
Mongolians inter-married with local peoples
Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the religion throughout Asia/southern Europe
Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership
Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization

24. Islamic Achievements Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s works
Spread the Indian # system with 0; easier to us than Roman numerals
Europeans mislabeled the system “Arabic”
Developed Algebra

25. Baghdad Observatory Medicine Knew the Earth was round
Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the sun and the stars.
Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of the sphere and calculated the time of day or year. This was useful for mapmaking and calendars.
Medicine
Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia
- “The” University medical textbook
Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost text on surgery in Europe for nearly 500 years

26. Literature Ibn Khaldun (14th C) - Muslim historian
- Civilizations rise/decay in cycles
Omar Khayyam (12th C) - Rubiyat
- Arabian Nights

27. Architecture Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan Mosque of Cordova, Spain
Center of learning & culture

28. Art& writing
Calligraphy
Arabesques

29. Arab dhow with lateen sails

30. Ibn Battuta Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world?
Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world
Islamic scholar who recorded his travels throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)
Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain, Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldive Islands, East Africa, and the Mali Empire
Worked in government positions everywhere he went as an adviser or judge
Promoted the proper observance of Islam

32. 27. Describe 3 Muslim achievements