1. Urban Land-Use Theories
6th year Geography

2. Three key theories Burgess – Concentric Zone Hoyt – Sector Model
Harris and Ullman – Multiple Nuclei

3. Three key theories Burgess – Concentric Zone Hoyt – Sector Model
Harris and Ullman – Multiple Nuclei

4. Concentric zone model 1

5. Urban Land-Use Theories
Concentric Zone Theory
Burgess (1925)
Cities grow outwards from the centre in a series of rings.

6. Concentric Zone Theory
Timeframe
1920’s
Class conscious society
Housing segregated according to income
Lack of transport infrastructure
Assumptions
Older buildings in city centre
Newer buildings at edge of city
Land values highest in city centre
Strong economic and ethnic segregation
Low income groups lack transport and live close to city centre.
Cities develop on a flat plain with equal access to transport

8. Five Concentric Zones 1) Central Business District
2) Transition and Industry
low incomes
oldest housing
ghettos
3) Low Income Residential
4) Middle Income Residential
suburban estates- good quality, gardens
5) High Income Residential / Commuter
Small towns and villages

9. Problems with Burgess Model
Old
Doesn't consider car ownership
Landscape not considered
Impact that industry and transport could have on land use not considered.
Zones are never as clear-cut

11. Hoyt’s Sector Model
1939
Sectors radiating out from the CBD along transport routes.

12. Sector Theory Timeframe Late 1930’s Income and status divided society
Housing areas reflect social segregation
Assumptions
Settlement develops along transport routes
Towns radiate out from the CBD
Low-income and industrial areas lie next to each other
Wealthy people choose the best sites

13. Criticisms of Hoyt’s Theory
Old
Too general
In reality, most zones contain more than one land-use
Doesn't consider the impact of urban renewal schemes

14. Burgess ‘v’ Hoyt
Hoyt’s theory is based on statistical data, so is less open to the criticism that Burgess received.

15. Multiple nuclei model 3

16. Harris and Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Theory
1945
As an urban area grows, it develops around a number of different business centres or nuclei.

17. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Assumptions;
Modern cities more complex than suggested by other theorists
Each nucleus acts as a growth point
Growth occurs outwards from each nucleus, until they all merge into one large urban area

18. Multiple Nuclei Theory
Mixture of Burgess and Hoyt
Shows some land-uses attract more of the same, for example industrial areas
Some land-uses may deter others from locating nearby, eg; housing is usually located away from industrial areas

19. Criticisms of Multiple Nuclei Theory
Not an exact fit for all cities and towns
Too complex

20. Are these models relevant to today’s cities?
Have some relevance
Now due to urban renewal schemes and changes in society, high income residential areas often exist close to the CBD
Modern cities are expanding beyond these models- Urban Sprawl

21. Cities are often divided into distinct political districts by understanding the city’s natural physical boundaries, such as rivers, as borders

22. For many decades, and today in certain places, urban areas excluded women because they provided women with fewer opportunities to work and take control of property

23. City planners are working to make cities healthier by designing neighborhoods and streets that allow urban residents to get exercise on a regular basis

24. Hoyt’s sector model theorized that low-income populations are most likely to live next to transportation corridors, such as rail lines. In a futuristic version of his model, low-income populations would be likely to live next to high-speed rail lines

25. The gravity model can be used to calculate the bonds between different urban centers

26. The gravity model assumes that cities have a greater power to attract people when they are located close to one another

27. Edge cities are concentrations of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area

28. The gravity model assumes that cities Residents of edge cities and suburban areas have long relied on automobiles and public transportation to get jobs in large cities

29. A greenbelt policy is meant to encourage a city to remake its core into a livable space

30. The political powers of a city council are most often found in the constitution of the state in which the city is located

31. Grassroots movements and organizations utilize collective action from the people in a given district as the basis for a political or economic movement

32. Landless residents usually work to improve their situation by meeting in political demonstrations and later forming grassroots organizations

33. In the United States, an increase in the amount of money in an urban ghetto typically results in the ghetto becoming more ethnically diverse, less segregated, and less cohesive

34. The U. S. birthrate exploded after World War II
The U.S. birthrate exploded after World War II. From 1945 to 1961, more than 65 million children were born in the United States.

35. Young couples who had put off getting married during World War II and the Korean War could finally begin their families. Also, the government encouraged the growth of families by offering generous GI benefits for home purchases. Finally, popular culture celebrated pregnancy, parenthood, and large families

36. The number of senior citizens in cities, most belonging to the baby boom generation, is expected to more than double in the next quarter century

37. An eco-village is a human-scale full-featured settlement in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world in a way that is supportive of healthy human development, and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future

38. An urban heat island is a city that is hotter than surrounding suburban or rural areas. In urban heat islands, air quality is comparatively lower and there are greater health risks due to heat waves

39. The exodus of Caucasian middle- and high-income residents from urban areas to the suburbs during the 1970s and 1980s was characterized as a racial movement: “white flight”

40. Housing cooperatives offer property for rent or ownership that is often owned by the cooperative and controlled equally by all residents