1. Chapter 3 Colonies Develop

2. Georgia Problems with Spanish territory in Florida
James Oglethorpe: Military hero and member of parliament
Founded Georgia as buffer between Florida and South Carolina.
Brought prisoners from England to serve as Farmer- Soldiers
Required to defend the colony.
Poorest colony of them all from the beginning

3. English Colonial Policy
Navigation Acts: Cromwell used navy to prevent Dutch ships from trading in English colonies
Charles II took this a step further
1. Colonial trade only with British ships
2. All colonial exports to Europe had to go through England
could more easily be taxed
3. Customs officials appointed to enforce the first two acts
colonists constantly evaded them

4. Turmoil Continues in England
Glorious Revolution: William and Mary overthrew James II to take control of England. (peaceful transfer of power)
established the English Bill of Rights = guaranteed rights of Englishmen, including colonists
Granted more power to parliament
Enlightenment: European philosophical movement, new ideas concerning medicine, education, role of gov’ts.
spread to colonies, changing New England in particular
Massachusetts law required every town to provide public school.
Harvard was first American college.

5. Different worlds – North vs. South
Northern Colonies
Southern Colonies
Cooler climate = less disease
Longer life expectancy (almost 70)
Family orientation = more balanced gender ratio
Longer life expectancy = men hold power longer
Women in subservient roles
Married earlier, lived longer, had larger families
Less pregnancy out of wedlock
Hot climate, dangerous work = shorter life expectancy(40 years)
Only 1/3 marriages last longer than 10 years
Generally young girl marrying much older man
1/3 weddings - bride already pregnant
Pregnant every 2 years, bare 8 kids, average of 5 survive
Widows common = more influence

6. Economy Revolves around learning trades
Northern Colonies
Southern Colonies
Revolves around learning trades
Colder climate = no cash crops
Technology develops faster to promote trade
Ports and lumber support ship building industry
Merchant class develops cities
Boston, Philadelphia, New York
The “town” is central social unit
Focus on bartering and church
Hot climate conducive to agricultural economy
Tobacco, South Carolina dams create rice plantations, indigo
Most farmers are very poor
Dominated by rare, but influential, planter aristocracy
Plantations become centers of trade and supplies
Large farms self-sufficient, smaller farmers forced to use them

7. Slavery
Initially, African slave trade to Caribbean and Brazil for sugar
Only 5% to North America
Supply and demand lowered prices = more common in N. America
Plantation owners, land rich cash poor = interracial slaves common
Slave Codes: used to maintain control
Education of slaves prohibited, trade used to break up families
Slave Culture: elaborate kinship with surrogate families to
Gullah – slave language combining African tongues and English
Used to communicate long after African slave trade outlawed

8. Witchcraft in New England
Began in Salem, Mass = Eventually 19 people executed, accusers later recanted claims.
The accused were typically
Middle aged widowed women, few or no children, owned land
Lower class women involved in social disputes
People of bad repute or abrasive to neighbors
Belief in the power of Satan was very real in Puritan society
Fear of witchcraft beyond mere superstition in New England