1. Poverty and Forest Dependence in Indonesia
Ririn S Purnamasari

2. Study Area East Kalimantan Village 5 Village 6 Village 3 Village 4
Samarinda
Balikpapan
East Kalimantan
INDONESIA
Village 2
Village 1
Village 3
Village 5
Village 6
Village 4

3. Study Villages Village Village Name Household Number Sample 1
Tiwei/Long Gelang
159 48 2
Pekasau
114 37 3
Kandolo
147 53 4
Bukit Merdeka
122 42 5
Long Loreh 6
Langap 95 35
All villages
174
263

4. Study Village Characteristics
Village Name
Tiwei/Long Gelang
Pekasau
Kandolo
Long Loreh
Langap
District
Pasir
Kutai Timur
Malinau
Distance to district market
15 km
35 minutes
3 km
10 minutes
31 km
30 minutes
76 km
3 hours
78 km
4 hours
Forest land
(% of village area)
64 %
25 %
63 %
77 %
95 %
Forest management
State forests,
Customary forests
State forests
Ethnic majority
Paser
Paser, Javanese
Bugis
Dayak
Main income sources
Agriculture (oil-plantation, rice)
Forest-based activities (collecting fuelwood, game meat, rattan)
Wages (farming seasonal employments)
Agriculture (oil-plantation, rubber)
Forest-based activities (fuelwood, game meat)
Wages (plantation workers)
Agriculture (cocoa, banana, rice)
Forest-based activities (collecting fuelwood, sawn-timber processing, charcoal production)
Agriculture (rice)
Forest-based activities (collecting fuelwood, game meat, medicinal plants)
Wages (concessionaire workers)
Population density
(persons/km2)
2.9 32
17.7
9.4
7.4
Large scale enterprise
Oil palm plantations
Rubber plantations
Logging companies
Coal mining companies

5. Household Income by Sources
 Income Source
Total
(000 Rp)
% cash
Crop
1668 83
Wage
1111
100
Direct forest
500 23
Business
368
Livestock
227 82
Other
171
Non-forest environmental
113 40
Forest derived 93
Fishery 90
Payment for forest service
Aquaculture

6. Forest and seasonality

7. Forest Income Decomposition
Forest-Based Activities
Partici- pation
Average Per-capita Income*
Average Share in Total Income
(%)
(000 Rp)
Forest Product Collection
Fuelwood
78.70
203.86
9.13
Wild-boar
20.37
6.13
Rattan
15.74
215.69
1.25
Others
16.20
451.30
2.39
Forest Product Processing
Sawn-timber
3.70
2.58
Charcoal
2.31
415.59
1.13
6.94
260.71
0.79
Wage Income/Business
4.17
465.41
1.14
All Forest Activities
84.72
884.09
24.55 N
216
*Calculated from those who participated in the activity

8. Forest Dependence HHs distribution of per capita forest income
HHs distribution of forest income share

9. Forest Income and Inequality

10. Conclusion Forest-based activities are an important source of income
In general, poorer households are more dependent but likely in low-return activities
Forest income reduce income inequality