1. Dr. S. & S.S.Ghandhy Government Engineering College, Surat
Mechanical Engineering Department
Semester 5th
Subject : Fluid Power Engineering
Subject Code:
Title of Topic: Hydraulic Machines

2. Hydraulic Machines Prepared By: 130230119010 Chudasama Mayur B.
Dhankecha Gaurav L.
Jalandhara Kalpesh K.
Malaviya Dhruvin C.
Sabhaya Dhrumin V.
Shekhada Mehul K.
Thummar Dixit V.
Guided By: R.V.Gojiya

3. Introduction:-
Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do simple work.
Hydraulic Machine is device which is used for either storing the hydraulic energy and then transmitting when needed.
These machines works based on the principles of hydrostatics and fluid kinematics.

4. The basic laws of Hydraulics
Fluid Mechanics provides the theoretical foundation of hydraulics and focuses mainly on its engineering applications. The basic laws of fluid dynamics that govern the working of any hydraulic system are:
Pascal's Law: It states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid
such that the pressure ratio
(initial difference) remains the
same. The siphon, Hydraulic jack,
Hydraulic press and Breaking
system for automobiles are some
examples of application of this law. .

5. Earlier, weights were lifted using pulleys, levers, block and tackles, etc. Movements for a ship’s rudder or steering a vehicle where achieved by mechanical linkages like cams, levers, couplings, and gears which made the system complicated.

6. These manual or mechanical methods of operation had several limitations. They also involved huge man power and long working hours for a particular job. As the population and technology increased exponentially, the demand for quicker and easier to operate equipment increased. To cater to this need, hydraulic machines were introduced.
Types of Hydraulic Machines:
Hydraulic Press ) Hydraulic jack
Hydraulic accumulator ) Hydraulic ram
Hydraulic intensifier
Hydraulic Crane
Hydraulic lift

7. A Simple Hydraulic System
A closed toothpaste tube can be considered as an example for a simple hydraulic system.
The toothpaste can be considered as a hydraulic fluid working inside the system which is confined.
Four or five holes are made on the tube. By keeping the cap of the toothpaste tube closed, apply pressure at a particular point on the tube. This makes the toothpaste to come out from all the holes evenly. This is a simple example to understand Pascal’s law.

8. Hydraulic Press
Hydraulic Press Work based on Pascal’s Law, which states that intensity of pressure in a static fluid is transmitted equally in all direction.

9. According to Pascal's law intensity of pressure will be equally transmitted in all direction,
Pressure intensity at piston = Pressure intensity at plunger
W/A =F/A

11. Hydraulic lift Types of Hydraulic lift Direct acting hydraulic lift
Suspended hydraulic lift

12. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Components of direct acting hydraulic lift:
Fixed cylinder: It is fixed with the wall of the floor, where the sliding ram reciprocate when we apply the pressure.
Cage: It is fitted on the top of the sliding ram where the load is placed (i.e. lifted load).
Sliding ram: It is fitted in the fixed cylinder which is reciprocate (upward or downward direction) when we applied the pressure (i.e. reaches the floor wise.)

13. WORKING OF DIRECT ACTING HYDRAULIC LIFT:
When fluid under pressure is forced into the cylinder, the ram gets a push upward. The platform carries loads or passengers and moves between the guides. At required height, it can be made to stay in level with each floor so that the good or passengers can be transferred.

14. SUSPENDED HYDRAULIC LIFT
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:
Cage: It is fitted on the top of the sliding ram where the load is placed (i.e. lifted load).
Wire rope: It connects the cage to pulley.
Sliding ram: It is fitted in the fixed cylinder which is reciprocate (upward or downward direction) when we applied the pressure (i.e. reaches the floor wise)
Pulleys: pulleys are connected to the sliding ram and fixed cylinder; where one pulley is fixed and other pulley is movable.
Hydraulic jigger: It consists of a moving ram which slides inside a fixed hydraulic cylinder.
Fixed cylinder-: It is fixed with the wall of the floor, where the sliding ram reciprocate when we apply the pressure.

15. Suspended Hydraulic Lift

16. Working of suspended hydraulic lift
When fluid under pressure is forced into the cylinder, the ram gets reciprocate to the movable pulleys. With the help of arrangement of hydraulic jigger; pulley can rotates; with the help of wire rope the cage is maintain there pressure force with there floor. At required height, it can be made to stay in level with each floor so that the good or passengers can be transferred.
Working period of the lift is ratio of the height of lift to the velocity of lift.
Idle period of lift is the difference of the total time for one operation and the working period of the lift.

17. Hydraulic Accumulator
Accumulator Functions
Energy Storage
Stabilize Pump Pulsation
Stabilize Load Shocks
Store Volume Under Pressure
For High Volume Demands
Accumulator Types
Spring Loaded
Gas Charged (Nitrogen)
Weight Loaded
Hydraulic Counter Loaded

18. Accumulator Components

19. Hydraulic Accumulator
It is consists of a fixed vertical cylinder containing a sliding ram.
A heavy weight is placed on the ram.
The inlet of the cylinder is connected to the pump, which continuously supplies water under pressure to the cylinder.
The outlet of the cylinder is connected to the machine.

20. Hydraulic Accumulator
The ram is at the lowermost position in the beginning.
The pump supplies water under pressure continuously.
If the water under pressure is not required by the machine (lift or crane), the water under pressure will be stored in the cylinder.
This will raise the ram on which a heavy weight is placed. When the ram is at the uppermost position, the cylinder is full of water and accumulator has stored the maximum amount of pressure energy.
When the machine (lift or crane) requires a large amount of energy, the hydraulic accumulator will supply this energy and ram will move in the downward direction.

21. Intensifier

22. Intensifier

23. intensifier

24. intensifier

25. intensifier

26. Hydraulic Ram for Fuel-free Water Lifting

27. What is a Hydraulic Ram?
The hydraulic ram pump may be defined as a self-acting device that uses the energy of a large volume of water falling from a higher location (relative to the ram) and passing through it, to lift a small volume to a location significantly higher than the ram and the source of water.
It has only 2 moving parts.

28. Characteristics of a Hydraulic Ram Water-Lifting System
(1) there is no other external energy input (e.g. human,
animal, fossil fuel, etc.) that makes the ram
work other than the energy of water passing
through the pump;
(2) its operation will continue 24 hours a day, seven
days a week so long as the required volume of
water continues to flow through it,
(3) water has to come from a location higher than
the ram;

29. Characteristics of a Hydraulic Ram Water-Lifting System
(4) only a small portion of this water (around 25 % or
less) is pumped up, the remainder passing out of the
ram and must be drained to a lower location;
(5) the vertical distance to which water can be
pumped up from the ram is significantly higher
than the vertical distance from its source to the
ram – up to 30 meters delivery height per 1 meter
of supply fall, although typically the most efficient
is within a ratio of 10:1 or less, and;
(6) due to the ram’s small output per minute, there is a
need for a storage device at the point of delivery to
accumulate this output on a 24-hour basis, e.g. an
earthen pond for irrigation or ferrocement, metal,
or plastic tank for drinking water.

30. Parts of a Hydraulic Ram
The ram pump is a very old technology, and for over two centuries many designs have been tried. Today, rams come in a variety of shapes and sizes, yet many of the incorporated modifications are mere variations of the same theme, and the basic design consist almost always of the following: ram body, impulse valve, delivery valve, air snifter, and air chamber.

31. Parts of a Hydraulic Ram
Shown is Chinook MP-2 2-inch ram designed by the author
Air chamber
Delivery pipe stub
Impulse valve
Delivery valve
Air snifter
Body
Drive pipe stub
Feet

32. Parts of a Hydraulic Ram
Shown is a large-bore Chinese-made hydraulic ram pump
Air chamber
Delivery pipe stub
Impulse valve
Delivery valve
Air snifter
Body
Drive pipe stub
Feet

33. The Hydraulic Crane
Hydraulic crane is a device, used for raising or transferring heavy loads.
It is widely used in workshops, warehouses and dock sidings.
A hydraulic crane consists of –
1. a mast
2. tie
3. jib
4. guide pulley
5. jigger

34. The Hydraulic Crane
The jib and tie are attached to the mast. The jib can be raised or lowered in order to decrease or increase the radius of action of the crane. The mast along with the jib can revolve about a vertical axis and thus the load attached to the rope can be transferred to any place within the area of the crane’s action.
The jigger, which consists of a movable ram sliding in a fixed cylinder, is used for lifting or lowering the heavy loads.
One end of the ram is in contact with water and the other end is connected to set of movable pulley block.
Another pulley block, called the fixed pulley block is attached to the fixed cylinder.
The pulley block, attached to the ram, moves up and down while the pulley block, attached to the fixed cylinder, the fixed cylinder, is not having any movement.

35. The Hydraulic Crane
A wire rope, one end of which is fixed to a movable pulley (which is attached to the sliding ram) is taken round all the pulley of the two sets of the pulleys and finally passes over the guide pulley, attached to the jib shown in Fig.
The other end of the rope is provided with a hook, for suspending the load.

36. The Hydraulic Crane
For lifting the load by the crane, the water under high pressure is admitted into the cylinder of the jigger.
This water forces the sliding ram to move vertically up. Due to the movement of the ram in the vertically up direction, the movable pulley block attached to the ram also moves upward.
This increases the distance between two pulley blocks and hence the wire passing over the guide pulley is pulled by the jigger.
This raised the load attached to the hook.

37. Fluid Coupling and Torque converter
Introduction
Engine and Transmission needs to be automatically coupled and uncoupled
Uses Torque Converter to multiply torque and transmit power
Components
Impeller
Turbine
Stator

38. Fluid Coupling
Fluid travels either in a rotary or vortex motion

39. Impeller turns Tubine
Turbine
Impeller

40. Components Flexplate drives T.C. Torque Converter Hub drives oil pump
Impeller drives Turbine
Turbine drives input shaft
Input shaft drives Clutch Hub

41. Vanes are curved to accelerate fluid flow

42. Stator Operation Stator assembly mounts on One-way clutch.
Stator multiplies torque
At 90% speed ratio, the stator
rotates same speed as turbine
and impeller and “coupling phase”
occurs.
Pg 90C

43. Early Converter were repairable
Older converters had drains

44. One Way Clutch

45. Converter Operation
Stator redirects fluid back into impeller to multiply force
More torque happens at lower rpms.
At higher rpm, components equalize

46. Thank you