1. LATITUDES
&
LONGITUDES

2. LATITUDES SO, WHAT ARE AND LONGITUDES? LATITUDE... LONGITUDE...
LATITUDE IS THE ANGULAR DISTANCE, IN DEGREES, OF A POINT NORTH OR SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR. THEY ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS PARALLELS.
LONGITUDE...
LONGITUDE IS THE ANGULAR DISTANCE, IN DEGREES, OF A POINT EAST OR WEST OF THE PRIME MERIDIAN. THEY ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS MERIDIANS.

3. LETS COMPARE... LONGITUDES… LATITUDES… *NOT PARALLEL,
*PARALLEL CIRCLES,
RUNNING FROM
WEST TO EAST.
*NOT ALL OF THE
SAME LENGTH.
*180 IN NUMBER.
*DISTANCE BETWEEN
THEM EQUAL.
*DETERMINES HEAT
ZONES.
LONGITUDES…
*NOT PARALLEL,
CONVERGING AT
THE POLES.
*ALL OF THE
SAME LENGTH.
*360 IN NUMBER.
*DISTANCE BETWEEN
THEM NOT EQUAL.
*DETERMINES TIME
ZONES.

4. *THERE ARE 180 PARALLELS OF LATITUDE.
*ALL LATITUDES ARE NOT OF EQUAL LENGTH.
*THE EQUATOR, AT 0˚, IS THE MOST IMPORTANT LINE
OF LATITUDE. IT IS THE LARGEST CIRCLE THAT CAN
BE DRAWN ON THE GLOBE.
*IT DIVIDES THE EARTH INTO ITS NORTHERN AND
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERES.
*THE NORTH POLE AND THE SOUTH POLE ARE FIXED
POINTS AND SERVE AS BASIC POINTS OF REFERENCE.
*THERE ARE SEVEN SPECIAL LINES OF LATITUDE:
-EQUATOR…………………………….0˚
-TROPIC OF CANCER………………...23 ½ ˚ N
-ARCTIC CIRCLE………………………66 ½ ˚ N
-NORTH POLE………………………….90˚ N
-TROPIC OF CAPRICORN…………….23 ½˚ S
-ANTARCTIC CIRCLE…………………66 ½ ˚ S
-SOUTH POLE…………………………..90˚ S

5. *ANOTHER FIXED LINE OF REFERENCE, THE PRIME
MERIDIAN, RUNS FROM THE NORTH POLE TO THE
SOUTH POLE.
*THESE ARE NOT PARALLEL, THEY CONVERGE AT
THE POLES.
*THERE ARE 360 MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE.
*ALL LONGITUDES ARE OF EQUAL LENGTH.
*THE PRIME MERIDIAN LIES AT 0˚.
*IT DIVIDES THE EARTH INTO ITS EASTERN AND
WESTERN HEMISPHERES.

9. LATITUDES DETERMINE
THE
HEAT ZONES
OF THE EARTH...
LONGITUDES DETERMINE
THE
TIME ZONES
OF THE EARTH.

10. EARTH TAKES 24 HOURS TO COMPLETE 360˚ OF ITS
ROTATION.
THEREFORE, TO TURN 1˚ OF SPACE IT TAKES:
24 X = 4 MINUTES.
360
THIS MEANS THAT FOR EACH 1˚ LONGITUDE
TOWARDS EAST A TIME OF 4 MINUTES IS ADDED,
AND FOR EACH 1˚ OF LONGITUDE TOWARDS WEST
A TIME OF 4 MINUTES HAS TO BE SUBTRACTED.

11. IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL UNIFORMITY
A UNIFORM TIME CORRESPONDING TO THE PRIME
MERIDIAN IS ADOPTED BY ALL COUNTRIES.
THIS IS CALLED THE GREENWICH MEAN TIME OR G.M.T.
IN INDIA, 82.5˚, AT ALLAHABAD, DETERMINES THE
STANDARD TIME FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY.
IT IS CALLED THE INDIAN STANDARD TIME, I.S.D.

12. TIME ZONES...
A TIME ZONE IS AN
AREA IN THE WORLD
WHERE CLOCKS RECORD
THE SAME TIME.
THE U.S.A. HAS
FIVE DIFFERENT
TIME ZONES!
INDIA IS 5 HOURS
30 MINUTES AHEAD OF
GREENWICH.

13. FOR CONVENIENCE EARTH
HAS BEEN DIVIDED
INTO 24
TIME ZONES.
THIS WAS DONE BY
A CANADIAN CALLED
STANDARD FLEMMING.
EACH ZONE IS OF 15 DEGREES.