1. AP Human Geography Theoretical Model Review
Mr. Stepek

2. Unit 1: Basic Geographic Concepts

3. Five Themes of Geography
How do I remember this analytical structure?
Use an acronym
MR LIP!
Location
Place
Region
Movement
Interaction

4. Location geospatial technologies
Differentiate between global positioning systems (GPS) GIS, remote sensing,
fieldwork, census data, online data, aerial photography, and satellite imagery, quantitative vs. qualitative data
absolute vs. relative location

5. Place
site (physical/demographic characteristics, land, labor, capital)
situation (why is this important? How is it connected to other places?)

6. Toponyms
FIGURE 6-21

7. Distance Decay and the Gravity Model
½ of Gravity Model
Gravity Model
(measures interconnectedness, for example migration between cities)

8. Gravity Model in action
If you were relocating from Peoria, would you choose NYC or Chicago?
Chicago due to distance
If you were relocating from Peoria, would you choose Chicago or St. Louis?
Chicago due to size

9. Region differentiate between types of regions
formal/uniform = common characteristics (political units etc.)

10. Region differentiate between types of regions
Functional/nodal = region serves a purpose (e.g. hinterland in CPT)

11. Region differentiate between types of regions
Perceptual/vernacular = indefinite, based on perceptions (neighborhoods)

12. Region
understand the regions of the world and their general demographic and development characteristics

13. Movement = Diffusion
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

14. Stimulus Diffusion = the underlying concept is adopted but not the final product. Significant changes are made.

15. Human – Environmental Interaction
Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer
Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape”
agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment
Agricultural hearths
root plants = SE Asia
seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent
River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica
Experiments occur in lands of plenty
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

16. FIGURE 10-2

17. Human – Environmental Interaction
Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer
Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape”
agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment
Agricultural hearths
root plants = SE Asia
seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent
River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica
Experiments occur in lands of plenty
concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

18. Uniform Landscape = Placelessness

19. Human – Environmental Interaction
Cultural Ecology by Carl O. Sauer
Cultural landscapes are comprised of the “forms superimposed on the physical landscape”
agriculture and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment
Agricultural hearths
root plants = SE Asia
seed plants, cities/civilization = fertile crescent
River Valley Hearths and Mesoamerica
Experiments occur in lands of plenty
concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world
Environmental determinism vs. possibilism
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

20. Unit 2: Population and Migration

21. Demographic Transition (Thompson)
Shift in population growth typically experienced by countries as they develop (HDI and GII)
Gender, gender, gender!!!!!!!
Population pyramids
Dependency ratios
Epidemiological transition
Demographic trap
Demographic momentum
Migration transition (Zelinsky)
Demographic indicators
CBR, CDR, NIR (RNI), ZPG, TFR, IMR, life expectancy
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

23. Malthus on overpopulation
Population grows exponentially
Food supplies grow arithmetically
Population will overtake supply leading to famine
The poor are responsible for their plight because they have too many children
Famines and disease will be a check on their population
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

24. Malthusian updated Critics Neo-Malthusians
Pop. growth → more hands in intensive farming ↑ food – Boserup
More pop. → more minds → more innovation to solve problems – Kuznets
there’s enough but it’s not distributed fairly - Marxists
Green Revolution
Starts in US Midwest
Higher yield seeds
GMOs
Better fertilizer, machines
Biggest impact:
India, China
Demographic trap (LDCs) and other resource depletion (water, energy)
Density measures
Arithmetic
Physiological
Agricultural
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

25. TABLE 2-1

26. Migration Transition (Zelinsky)
Migration patterns linked to stages of demographic transition
Stage 2
Rapid population growth
Interregional migration
“urbanization”
Internat’l out-migration
Stage 3 and 4
Maturing economies
slower urbanization
suburbanization
Internat’l in-migration
Great Migration
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

27. FIGURE 7-10

28. Migration Transition (Zelinsky)
Migration patterns linked to stages of demographic transition
Stage 2
Rapid population growth
Interregional migration
“urbanization”
Internat’l out-migration
Stage 3 and 4
Maturing economies
slower urbanization
Intra = suburbanization
Internat’l in-migration
Great Migration
Brain drain
Guest workers
Counterurbanization
Major immigration flows
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

29. Major Global Migration Flows
(before 1950)

30. FIGURE 3-5

31. FIGURE 3-7

32. FIGURE 3-22

33. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
Terms
Each migration flow has a return or “countermigration”
Mostly short distance
Longer distance migrants to big cities
Urban residents are less migratory
Young single males more likely than families
circulation vs. migration
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

34. Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
Terms
Each migration flow has a return or “countermigration”
Mostly short distance
Longer distance migrants to big cities
Urban residents are less migratory
Young single males more likely than families
circulation vs. migration
push/pull factors
step migration
Intervening opportunities/obstacles
chain migration
immigration waves
gravity model (population and distance)
Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

35. Sample FRQ Question

36. Sample FRQ Question Rubric

37. Sample FRQ Question

38. Sample FRQ Question Rubric

39. Sample FRQ Question

40. Sample FRQ Question Rubric