1. Oceanographic History
Chapter 1 and 2
Oceanographic History

2. How do the oceans influence the Earth?
Produce 2 influences
The weather and world climate patterns
Where organisms live on land
Provide important resources
Food, oxygen, and natural resources

3. How much of the ocean have we seen?
Have seen the entire surface
The part we have seen would be the size of the period at the end of this sentence.

4. 4 branches of oceanography
Biological
Studies the diversity of life in the ocean and the ocean’s role as their habitat
Chemical
Studies the chemistry of seawater
Geological
Studies the composition of marine sediments and rocks
Physical
Studies water movement

5. Why study oceanographic history?
It is connected to the world’s overall history.
It helps you understand how current research questions developed and how we use it today.
It is interesting.

6. First Recorded Sea Voyage
Earliest recorded sea voyage is from B.C.
Was from Phoenicia to Egypt

7. Phoenicians
Established the first trade routes throughout the Mediterranean
Stayed within sight of land
Used landmarks by day and stars by night to mark their course

8. Polynesians Vessels resembled dugout canoes
Made voyages of up to 3,200km (2000mi)
Made the first regular open ocean long distance voyages beyond the sight of land

9. Ancient Greeks First to apply mathematics to navigation
Produced sophisticated maps
Recognized the world was spherical

10. Pytheas
Credited with discovering how to determine north-south positioning using the angle of the North Star above the horizon
Discovered the connection between the lunar cycles and tides in the Atlantic

11. Eratosthenes Calculated the Earth’s circumference
Invented the latitude/longitude system
System was irregular because he altered the lines to go through important landmarks
Hipparchus
Developed the latitude/longitude system we use today

12. Herodotus
Published a map that was one of the earliest maps of the world

13. Ptolemy Published a map depicting the Earth as a sphere
Divided Hipparchus’ latitude/longitude system into degrees, minutes and arc seconds

14. Latitude/Longitude System
Purpose is to identify specific locations on Earth
Divided into lines of latitude and longitude

15. Latitude Latitude lines that run east and west Never intersect
Equidistant
0° parallel is called the Equator
Parallels at the poles are each 90°
Parallels north of the equator are designated north latitudes and those south are designated south latitudes.

16. Longitude Run north and south and are called meridians
Originate and converge at the north and south poles
0° longitude is called the Prime Meridian
From the Prime Meridian east, east longitude and from the Prime Meridian west, west longitude.