1. CAUSE-EFFECT STRUCTURE WORDS

2. BECAUSE – BECAUSE OF – DUE TO
Because introduces an adverb clause; it is followed by a subject and verb, as
Because the weather was cold, we stayed home.
BUT;
We stayed home because the weather was cold.

3. Because of and due to are phrasal prepositions; they are followed by a noun object, as
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home.
Due to the the cold weather, we stayed home.
BUT;
We stayed home because of the cold weather.

4. BECAUSE – BECAUSE OF – DUE TO
Sometimes, usually in more formal writing, due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.
Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home.
Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also follow the main clause,
We stayed home because of the cold weather.
We stayed home due to the cold weather.
We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.

5. Use BECAUSE or BECAUSE OF
We postphoned our trip …………… the bad driving conditions.
Sue’s eyes were red ……………. she had been swimming in a chlorinated pool.
We can’t visit the museum tomorrow ………….. it is not open.
Jim had to give up jogging ……………. his sprained ankle.
……………. the elevator was broken, we had to walk up six flights of stairs.

6. Use BECAUSE OF and DUE TO
(Our parents are generous) Because of ……………, all of the children in our family have received the best of everything.
(The traffic was heavy) We were late for the meeting due to ………………….
(Bill’s wife is ill) Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because of ………………
(It was noisy in the next apartment) I couldn’t get to sleep last night because of …………….

7. SINCE
While “because” does imply cause, “since” can imply time or cause. It means that most of the time these words are synonymous and you can use either one.
Since my dog is so hairy, I have to get its hair cut regularly.
Because my dog is so hairy, I have to get its hair cut regularly.

8. PUT “SINCE” WHERE APPROPRIATE
It is important to wear a hat on cold days. We lose sixty percent of our body heat through our head.
A tomato is classified as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable. It is often eaten in salads along with lettuce, onions, cucumbers, and other vegetables.

9. THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY
They both mean “as a result”. In grammar, they are called transitions. Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences.
Al failed the test because he didn’t study.
Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
Al didn’t study. Consequently, he failed the test.

10. THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY
A transition occurs in the second of two related sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the examples:
Al didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
Al didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the test.
Al didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore.

11. THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY
While the transition therefore has several possible positions within the second sentence of the pair, a conjunction so has only one possible position: between the two sentences.
Al didn’t study, so he failed the test.

12. PUNCTUATE THE SENTENCES
The weather was cold therefore she wore a coat.
The weather was cold she therefore wore a coat.
The weather was cold she wore a coat therefore.
The weather was cold so she wore a coat.

13. Using the given words, combine the two ideas.
We postphoned our trip. The weather was bad.
Because …………………………………………….
Therefore …………………………………………….
Since …………………………………………………
So …………………………………………………….
Because of …………………………………………..
Consequently ………………………………………..
Due to (the fact that) ………………………………….

14. Using the given words, combine the two ideas.
She missed class. She was ill.
Because …………………………………………….
Therefore …………………………………………….
Since …………………………………………………
So …………………………………………………….
Because of …………………………………………..
Consequently ………………………………………..
Due to (the fact that) ………………………………….

15. SUCH ….. THAT and SO ….. THAT They have the same meaning:
Because the weather was nice, we went to the zoo.
It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo.
The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo.

16. SUCH ….. THAT and SO ….. THAT Such …… that encloses a modified noun:
such + adjective + noun + that
It was such a good coffee that I had another cup.
It was such a foggy day that driving was too difficult.
So …… that encloses an adjective or adverb:
so + adjective / adverb + that
The coffee is so hot that I cannot drink it.
She speaks so fast that I cannot understand her.

17. SUCH ….. THAT and SO ….. THAT
So ….. that is used with many, few, much and little.
She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam.
He has so few friends that he is always lonely.
She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants.
He had so little trouble with the test that he left twenty minutes early.

18. SUCH ….. THAT and SO ….. THAT
Sometimes, primarily in speaking, that is omitted.
It was such a good book (that) I coldn’t put it down.

19. Make sentences using such or so
The wind was strong.
Karen is a good pianist.
The radio was too loud.
Small animals in the forest move about quickly.
Olga did poor work.
The food was too hot.
There are many leaves on a single tree.
The tornado struck with great force.
Grandpa held me tightly when he hugged me.
Few students showed up for class.
Sally used too much paper when she was writing her report.
It burned my tongue.
She was fired from her job.
It blew my hat off my head.
The teacher postponed the test.
It is impossible to count them.
It lifted automobiles off the ground.
I couldn’t hear what Michael was saying.
I am surprised she didn’t go into music professionally.
The wastepaper basket overflowed.
One can barely catch a glimpse of them.
I couldn’t breath for a moment.

20. EXPRESSING PURPOSE: SO THAT
“In order to” expresses purpose. “So that” also expresses purpose. They have the same meaning:
I turned off the TV in order to enable my roommate to study in peace and quiet.
I turned off the TV so (that) my roommate could study in peace and quiet.

21. EXPRESSING PURPOSE: SO THAT
So that is often used instead of in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed. Can is used in the adverb clause for a present/future meaning.
I am going to cash a check so that I can buy my textbooks.
I cashed a check so that I could buy my textbooks.

22. EXPRESSING PURPOSE: SO THAT
So that could be used with will, would at verb in the present tense.
I will take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet.
I will take my umbrella so that I don’t get wet.
Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldn’t get wet.

23. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH “SO THAT”
Sam took lots of pictures on his vacation so that ……………..
…………………………… so that I could see better.
I need a pen so that ………………………….
Mary hurried to get the child out of the road so that ………………………….
I am taking a bus instead of flying so that ………..
Tarek borrowed some money from his friend so that ………………