1. . Agency Report of India Meteorological Department (GRWG+GRDG 2015)
A.K.Sharma, A.K.Mitra .

2. Brief History of INSAT Satellites
Satellite Meteorology in IMD really started in 1982 with the launch of INSAT-1A which was a multipurpose satellite meant for services to Meteorology, Doordarshan and Communication. Before that , Indian meteorologists were using analog imageries received from U.S. Polar orbiting satellites series of TIROS-N.
Many satellites for meteorological purposes were launched after the launch of INSAT-1A as given below:
INSAT-1A – 10 April Two Channel VHRR
INSAT-1B – 30 August,1983
INSAT-1C – 21 July 1988
INSAT-1D – 12 June,1990
INSAT-2A – 10 July, 1992
INSAT-2B – 23 July,1993
INSAT-2E – 03 April Three Channel VHRR
KALPANA-1 – 12 Sept.2002
INSAT-3A – 10 April 2003
INSAT-3D – 26 July, channel imager and 19 channel sounder

3. 93.5o 74o 82o Current Indian Geostationary Meteorological Satellites
INSAT-3A
Kalpana-1
INSAT-3D:2013

4. INSAT-3A and Kalpana-1 Location : INSAT 3A : 93.5ºE Kalpana-1 : 74ºE
(2003) (2002)
Location : INSAT 3A : 93.5ºE
Kalpana-1 : 74ºE
Payloads :(i) VHRR and CCD camera in INSAT -3A
(ii) VHRR in Kalpana-1
VHRR Bands (µm)
Visible : – 0.75
Water vapour : – 7.10
Thermal Infra Red : – 12.5
Resolution (km) : 2 X 2 for Visible
8 X 8 for WV & TIR
CCD Camera Bands (µm)
Visible : – 0.68
Near Infra Red : – 0.86
Short Wave Infra Red : 1.55 – 1.69
Resolution (km) : 1 X 1 for all bands

5. INSAT-3D - India’s Advanced Weather Satellite
India's advanced weather satellite INSAT-3D was launched in the early hours of July 26, 2013 from Kourou, French Guyana, and has successfully been placed in Geosynchronous orbit.
It carries four payloads
Imager (Six Channels)
Sounder (Nineteen Channels)
Data Relay Transponder(DRT)
Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS & R)

6. Imager
For meteorological observations, INSAT-3D carries a multi-spectral Imager (radiometer) capable of generating the images of the earth in six wavelength bands significant for meteorological observations, namely, visible, shortwave infrared, middle infrared, water vapor and two bands in thermal infrared regions.
The Imager generates images of the earth disk from geostationary altitude of 36,000 km every 26 minutes and provides information on various parameters, namely, outgoing long-wave radiation, quantitative precipitation estimation, sea surface temperature, snow cover, cloud motion winds, etc.
Imager payload is an improved version of VHRR flown on INSAT-3A and Kalpana-1 satellites with significant improvements in spatial resolution, number of spectral channels and functionality.

7. INSAT 3D satellite Imager Channels
Spectral Band
Wave-length(µm)
Ground Resolution
Visible
1 km
SWIR
MIR
4km WV
8km
TIR1
TIR2 7

8. Atmospheric Sounder
INSAT-3D also carries a newly developed 19 channel sounder, which is the first such payload to be flown on an ISRO satellite mission.
The Sounder has eighteen narrow spectral channels in shortwave infrared, middle infrared and long wave infrared regions and one channel in the visible region.
It provides information on the vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and integrated ozone. These profiles are available for every 30X30 kms over a selected region over Indian landmass every one hour and for the entire Indian Ocean Region every six hours.

9. Detector Long wave Mid wave Short wave Visible
INSAT-3D Sounder Channels Characteristics
Detector
Ch. No.
l c
(mm) nc
(cm-1)
NET
@300K
Principal absorbing gas
Purpose
Long wave 1
14.67
682
0.17
CO2
Stratosphere temperature 2
14.32
699
0.16
Tropopause temperature 3
14.04
712
0.15
Upper-level temperature 4
13.64
733
0.12
Mid-level temperature 5
13.32
751
Low-level temperature 6
12.62
793
0.07
water vapor
Total precipitable water 7
11.99
834
0.05
Surface temp., moisture
Mid wave 8
11.04
906
window
Surface temperature 9
9.72
1029
0.10
ozone
Total ozone 10
7.44
1344
Low-level moisture 11
7.03
1422
Mid-level moisture 12
6.53
1531
Upper-level moisture
Short wave 13
4.58
2184
N2O 14
4.53
2209 15
4.46
2241 16
4.13
2420
Boundary-level temp. 17
3.98
2510 18
3.76
2658
Visible 19
0.695
14367 -
visible
Cloud

10. Activity :1 Calibration/Validation Site for INSAT-3D
1.To calibrate optical sensors on INSAT-3D First joint campaign by scientists of IMD, ISRO, NPL and IITM has been carried out at Jaisalmer, Rajasthan recently ( Dec;2013). This will facilitate making climatic studies using INSAT-3D and follow on satellites data in future.( Report presented by AKM).
2. A second site selection is being done at Bhuj, Gujrat.

11. Runn of Kutch
Gujrat

12. White Runn of Kutch, Gujrat

13. Activity 2:Calibration of old archived data
India Meteorological Department is receiving and archiving satellite meteorological data from INSAT series since 1982.
Data is already archived on DLTs and resolutions of these data are 2.75 km/2km in visible, 11km/8km in infrared channels for INSAT-1/INSAT-2 series respectively.
The normalized calibration technique is attempted in order to re-calibrate the Kalpana-1 Infrared data and remove the effect of the temporal non-linearity of sensor response due to degradation of the sensor based on ISCCP (International satellite cloud climatology project) procedure over the Indian Ocean.
Table- KALPANA-1 Satellite Specification
Payload
Channels
Bandwidth
Resolution
VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer)
Visible
Infrared
Water vapour
0.55µm-0.75µm
10.5µm-12.5µm
5.7µm-7.1µm
2km x 2km
8km x 8km
8km X 8km
DRT ( Data Relay Transponder)
-----
------

14. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Data collection:
Study Covers the months MAY, JUNE, JULY, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER and DECEMBER of 2009.
Taking 8-10 passes of NOAA of each month.
Four automated steps to satellite Inter-calibration ::
Data collection:
Study period: MAY, JUNE, JULY, OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, DECEMBER 2009.
Study region: ± 10º NS latitude of the equator; 64º-84º longitude east
Primary data for inter-calibration :: kalpana-1 Geostationary satellite VHRR Infrared brightness temperatures
Polar Orbiting Satellite used :: NOAA-19 AVHRR channel-4 brightness temperatures, data accessed through INCOIS, Hyderabad and its collection based on
currently operational satellite series
status of imager AVHRR
ISCCP survey on data availability

15. Table: Satellite Specifications for the study
Satellite / Imager
Channel
Bandwidth
Resolution
Data Format
Kalpana-1/ VHRR
Infrared
10.5µm µm
8km X 8km H5
NOAA / AVHRR 4
10.3µm µm
1km X 1km
Hdf4

16. Study area of interest :
….Contd
The impact of spectral differences between the IR win channels is important to consider when comparing brightness temperatures to those from AVHRR.
a) b)
Fig a) Shows the spectral response function of NOAA-AVHRR channel-4 and b) Kalpana-1 Infrared respectively.
Study area of interest :
The strategy is to find the measurements by the polar orbiting satellite that are concurrent and collocated with those from a geostationary satellite.
The near-simultaneous nadir observations with homogeneous scenes from NOAA and Kalpana-1 imagers are spatially collocated.

17. Collocation Criteria ::
…Contd
Domain of the earth for the study ::: ±10º NS latitude of the equator, 64º- 84º longitude east
Time differences between observations should
be less than 30min.
Collocation Criteria ::
Study Region selected for inter-calibration
process .
Constraint
Criteria
Simultaneity
Observational Time difference
< 30min
View geometry
Area of domain [10⁰S/10⁰N and 64⁰E/84⁰E] of the earth selected which matches with NOAA satellite.
Collocation criteria
Nearest neighbour distance technique is used to perform linear search iteratively to find closest point for Kalpana-1 points (latitude-longitude) in NOAA AVHRR data with maximum outer threshold to be 20 km. The least distance point would be selected for collocation.

18. Scatterplot of Kalpana-1infrared brightness temperatures versus NOAA AVHRR channel-4 brightness temperatures for whole defined region;
MAY JUNE
JULY OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER

19. Scatterplot Kalpana-1 infrared brightness temperatures versus NOAA AVHRR channel-4 brightness temperatures for CLOUDY REGION [ for those brightness temperatures of Kalpana-1 Infrared less than K ] ;
MAY JUNE
JULY OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER

20. Scatterplot Kalpana-1infrared brightness temperatures versus NOAA AVHRR channel-4 brightness temperatures for CLEAR SKY [ for those brightness temperatures of Kalpana-1 Infrared greater than K ] ;
MAY JUNE
JULY OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER

21.   SCM-06 (IOGEO) project
1.Inter-calibration of passive INSAT imager observations from time-series of geostationary satellites (IOGEO)
2.IMD has become part of the SCM-06 IOGEO project team.

22. Activity 3: INSAT-3D Inter-calibration with NOAA19 and Metop-A
Area : E to 90E
-10S to 50N
Time Difference: 10 minute
Crieria: Co-located
Observations/Passes: 0600 to 0900 UTC

23. FEB 2015
Comparison of INSAT 3D TIR1 Channel (10.3 um um) with NOAA / METOP TIR1 Channel

24. FEB 2015
Comparison of INSAT 3D TIR1 Channel (3.8 um - 4.0um) with NOAA / METOP MIR Channel

25. BIAS

26. RESULTS
From the above drawn analysis we can conclude that INSAT 3D channels ( MIR and TIR1 Channel) predicts the brightness temperature colder as compared to NOAA/ METOP channels. In addition, INSAT 3D TIR1 channel has an average of 2.5K BIAS in the month of FEB 2015 as compared to NOAA / METOP in the passes from 0600UTC to 0900UTC.
The brightness temperatures of MIR channels of INSAT 3D and NOAA /METOP satellites for the passes from 0600UTC to 0900UTC in the month of FEB2015 gives an average BIAS of 1.9K.
Furthermore warmer places (having temperature 295K and above) show more deviations in temperatures as compared to colder places.

27. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
A.K.SHARMA