1. Blood and Body Fluids Ref: Ref: Tortora, 14th 661-685, 1023-1037
Blood and Body Fluids Ref: Ref: Tortora, 14th , th ed: , th ed , th ed ,

2. Fig

5. BLOOD

6. Physical and Chemical characteristics of blood
Specific gravity: ( )
Viscosity: whole blood relative viscosity (4~5)
Plasma relative viscosity (1.6~2.4) is mainly
determined by plasma protein
Osmolarity is 300 mOsmol/L
Colloid osmotic pressure results from albumin and regulates water distribution between inside and outside of capillary.
Plasma pH is about 7.35~7.45,

7. Functions of Blood
- Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones and waste materials. - Regulation of pH and body temperature. - Protection of the body by the activity of white blood cells and protection from blood loss after injury by the activity of platelets and clotting factors.

8. Plasma

9. Fig.19.01

10. Chemical components of plasma
H2O %

11. Plasma Composition Water: > 90%
Small molecule: 2%, it is electrolytes, nutriment, metabolic products, hormone, enzymes, etc.
Protein: g/L, plasma protein include albumin (40-50 g/L)(54%), globulin (20-30 g/L,α1-, α2, β-, γ- ) (38%)and fibrinogen (7%). Most of albumin and globulin made from liver.

12. Function of Plasma Protein
- Transportation,
- Nutrition,
- Forming colloid osmotic pressure,
- Coagulation and anticoagulation,
- Buffer systems to keep blood pH.
- Immunity (globulin)

13. Function of Plasma Protein
- Importance of colloid osmotic pressure:

14. Function of Plasma Protein
- Transportation,
- Nutrition,
- Forming colloid osmotic pressure,
- Coagulation and anticoagulation,
- Buffer systems to keep blood pH.
- Immunity (globulin)

15. Cellular Elements

16. Fig.19.01

17. Fig

19. RED BLOOD CELLs RBCs

20. Fig.19.02

21. Functions of RBCs Transport of O2 Transport of CO2 (23%)
Transport of NO

22. Fig

23. Formation of RBCs (Erythropoiesis)

24. RBCs life Cycle Life span 120 days

25. Anemia Decreased O2 delivery to tissues Results by:
- Deficiency of Fe++, Vitamine B12, Folic acid.
- Increased Destruction or loss of RBCs: Hemorrhage, Hemolytic anemia.
- Decrease production of RBCs: Aplastic anemia, Renal diseases, …etc

26. Blood parameters related to RBCs
RBCs Count: X106 – 5.4x106 /mm3 or µl.
Hematocrit (HCt): Packed Cells Volume (PCV)= (45%).
MCV= Mean Corpuscular Volume.
Hb= 12-14g/dl. (g/100ml).
MCHb = Mean Corpuscular Hb.
MCHbC= Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration.

28. White BLOOD CELL WBCs

29. Fig

30. Fig

31. Classification and WBCs Counts
Total WBCs = /mm3 or microliter.
Granular:
Neutrophils = 55-70%
Eosinophils = 1-2%
Basophils = 0.5-1%
Agranular:
Monocytes: 5-8%
Lymphocytes: 25-30%

33. Characteristics of WBCs Diapedesis and Chemotaxis

34. Granular Cells

35. Neutrophils
Represent 55-70% of WBCs. These cells kill bacteria by Phagocytosis.
Their number is increased in bacterial infection (known as Neutrophilia).

36. Eosinophils
Represent 1-2% of WBCs. These cells are important during parasitic infection and allergic reaction. Their number is increased during these conditions (Eosinophilia).

37. Basophils
Represent 0.5-1% of WBCs. Their function is not well understood. Releasing Histamine and Heparin. It is believed that these cells reside tissue to form MAST cells.

38. Agranular Cells

39. Monocytes
-Represent about 5-8% of WBCs. -Function: engulf and kill bacteria (Phagocytosis) -After 72 hours in blood these cells reside in tissue to form macrophages

40. Lymphocytes
- Represent about 25-30% of WBCs. -Some are programmed to provide specific defense against targets. -Function according to type.

41. Types of Lymphocytes T lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic : destroy cells infected by viruses and cancer cells.
Helper T cells: help other cells to perform their defense functions.
- Suppressor T cells: reduce activity of immune cells. - Memory T cells: have importance in long term immunity. (cellular mediated immunity)

42. Types of Lymphocytes B lymphocytes:
important function in antibody mediated immunity by producing antibodies.

43. Defense Mechanisms None specific Defense mechanism.
- First line: Mechanical and chemical barrier (Skin and Mucosa, Secretions).
- Second line:
- Natural Killer (Lymphocytes) release chemicals cytolytic effects Phagocytes (Neutrophils and Macrophages) destruction by phagolysosoms.

44. Defense Mechanisms Stages:
Inflammation:
Stages:
- Vasodilation  Redness, Edema, Heat at the site of inflammation.
- Emigration of Phagocytes (Diapedesis)  inflamed tissue (Neutrophils and monocytes)
- Repair of damaged tissue.

45. Defense Mechanisms Specific Defense mechanism.
1- Cell mediated immunity
2- Humoral Mediated immunity (Ab)

46. Specific Defense Mechanisms
1- Cell mediated immunity

47. Specific Defense Mechanisms
1- Cell mediated immunity T-cells activation - Effector T cells - Memory T cells

48. Types of Lymphocytes T lymphocytes:
Cytotoxic : destroy cells infected by viruses and cancer cells.
Helper T cells: help other cells to perform their defense functions. (Targets of HIV virus)
- Suppressor T cells: reduce activity of immune cells. - Memory cells: have importance in long term immunity. (cellular mediated immunity)

49. Specific Defense Mechanisms
2- Humoral mediated immunity B-cells by activation  -Plasma cells (Secreting Ab) -Memory Cells.

50. Antibodies (Ab) Immunoglobulins

51. Specific Defense Mechanisms

52. Antibody acts to disable the activity of antigens by:
Antibody actions
Antibody acts to disable the activity of antigens by:
- Neutralization of antigen. - Immobilization of bacteria. - Agglutination and precipitation of antigens.
- Activation of complement system, which ends in bacterial lysis. - Enhancement of phagocytosis.

53. Memory B Cells Function