1. New World Experiments: England’s Seventeenth-Century Colonies2
New World Experiments: England’s Seventeenth-Century Colonies

2. Profit and Piety: Competing Visions
John Winthrop- MA Bay Colony
Natives overran tobacco farms in VA
Blamed their materialism on the hostility and said it was God’s punishment
VA reached out to MA Bay for help – denied
1675 – NA war with New Englanders in Puritan communities
Sir William Berkeley – VA govern – happy with discontent of MA Bay due to their Puritan beliefs that provoked civil war in England

3. Reasons for Colonization & Diversity amongst them
English colonization in the 1600’s had nothing to do with building an empire like Spain and France.
They wanted colonial charters to be given to entreprenuers, religious idealists, and aristocratic adventurers who established separate and profoundly different colonies
Migration – competition & diversity
Different appeal at different times to different people. (economic, political, religious)

4. Breaking Away Rapid social change in seventeenth-century England
Population growth leads to competition for food and land affecting prices
People desperate for work
English population mobile (3.5 to 5 mil in England)
Growth of London – health conditions poor = death
Different motives for immigration
Religious versus economic
Worship God how they want (Pilgrims)
land
Personal: to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty

5. The Stuart Monarchs

6. English Civil War and Glorious Revolution
Stuart Monarchy vs. Parliament – constant fighting
Puritans demanding changes in rituals
Charles I
attempting to rule without Parliaments assistance
1640 ran out of money; Parliament called for an overhaul of the Constitution
Puritans wanted to restructure the church
Charles I – took up arms with supporters of Parliament
beheaded by members of Parliament
Oliver Cromwell made Lord Protector of England (10 years)
Puritan
Died of natural causes

7. Stuarts (continued)
Stuarts restored with Charles II, 1660 (Restoration Period)
James II – 1685
Lifted restrictions on catholics
Neither were able to establish political stability
Glorious Revolution, 1688 – Protestants rise up – exiled James II – political changes leading to American colonies
William and Mary replaced James II
Established that monarchs must rule with Parliament (king and queen not ruling power anymore)

8. Four Colonial Subcultures
Political changes in England as well as economic recession and religious repression leads American migration and colonization
The Chesapeake
New England
Middle Colonies
The Carolinas

9. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
Richard Hakluyt
Colonies make great profit for investors
Free England from dependence on rival powers (Holland, France, & Spain) for valuable commodities
Anti-Catholicism prompted English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World – hate for Spain integral part of English national identity

10. Entrepreneurs in Virginia
Queen Elizabeth reign – major obstacle to colonization was financing
Solution: joint-stock companies provided financing – investment without fear of bankruptcy
English stockholders in Virginia/London Company expected instant profits
Jamestown settled in 1607
Colony’s location in a swamp unhealthy
Location perfect to build a fort – Spainard & NA’s
Competition from expansive Powhattan
Colonists did not work for common good - personal interests

11. Chesapeake Colonies, 1640

12. Spinning Out of Control
—John Smith imposed order – must work to eat
1609—London Company re-organized colonial government
1610— “Starving Time” – Jamestown was abandoned but ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr, fresh settlers, and martial law

13. Spinning Out of Control
Conflict with Powhattan
Contributed to “starving time”
1622—natives attempted to drive out English
1644—second attempt to drive out English; Powhattan empire destroyed

14. “Stinking Weed” 1610—John Rolfe introduced tobacco
Marketed it in England
1618—Reforms of Edwin Sandys (London Company/VA Company)
House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia self-government
Encouraged large scale immigration
Headright: 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who paid his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony
Allowed development of huge estates

15. Time of Reckoning
Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex ratio
3570 colonists to Virginia, 1619–1622
Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619
Contagious disease killed settlers
1618: Virginia population numbered 700
1618–1622: 3000 immigrated
1622: Virginia population numbered 1240
Quick money and then get out before you die

16. Time of Reckoning Indentured servants denied promised land
1622—Powhattan attack killed 347 settlers

17. Corruption and Reform
Problems of colony blamed on greed and mismanagement of London Company
1624—King James I dissolved London Company
Virginia became a royal colony (run by the king)
House of Burgesses continued to meet
Burgesses created County Courts

18. Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as refuge for English Catholics
1632—Calvert’s son Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore) gained charter to Maryland
Required toleration among Catholics and Protestants

19. Themes of Virginia Settlement
High death rate
Living on borrowed time feeling
Constant stealing of Indian land to grow tobacco

20. Maryland: A Troubled Refuge for Catholics
Lord Baltimore wanted to provide protection for Catholics.
Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America
Common settlers demanded greater voice in Maryland government
Act of Toleration created
Protestants refused to tolerate Catholics and seized control in 1655
Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco planters

21. Reforming England in America
Pilgrims
Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England
Fled to Holland to escape persecution
Worried that children were becoming too Dutch
1620—Plymouth founded (Cape Cod, MA)

22. Reforming England in America
Mayflower Compact
William Bradford and Squanto ensured colony survived
1691—absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

23. “The Great Migration” Puritans
Worked within the Church of England to eliminate remaining vestiges of Catholicism
Puritans saw Stuarts as unconcerned with needed church reforms – desired a foreign policy that would align England with the Protestant states of Europe.
1630—John Winthrop led Puritan group to Massachusetts with charter giving them power to make decisions without direction from England

24. “A City on a Hill”: Settlement
1630–1640—16,000 Puritans immigrated
Settlers usually came as family units
Area settled generally healthy
Puritans view of their colony:
Success as part of covenant with God
No intention of separating from the Church of England – but got rid of features of the church they didn’t like.
“beacon of righteousness” for the church to follow
Church attendance required, but membership not automatic

25. “A City on a Hill”: Politics
Congregationalism – stressed simplicity and every congregation was independent.
Public confession and execution of criminals
Government by elected representatives responsible to God
All adult male church members could vote
Ministers had no formal role and were prohibited from holding office

26. Limits of Religious Dissent
Laws and Liberties, 1648
Codified rights and responsibilities of citizens
Provided public trust in government
Kept magistrates from arbitrary rule
Puritans did not tolerate religious dissent

27. Limits of Religious Dissent: Roger Williams
Preached extreme separatism
Questioned validity of colony’s charter since the land wasn’t purchased from the Indians
Advocated toleration of religious beliefs – shouldn’t punish others for their beliefs – God’s responsibility
Expelled to Providence (Rhode Island) 1636

28. Limits of Religious Dissent: Anne Hutchinson
Claimed direct divine inspiration by the Holy Spirit
Antinomianism – go to heaven on grace alone not by man-made laws
Shared with Bostonians – mostly women
Suggested most Puritan ministers were no better than those of Church of England
Her views called the established church into question

29. Limits of Religious Dissent: Anne Hutchinson
Her actions challenged accepted behavior of women in this time
Banished to Rhode Island in 1637

30. Mobility and Division New Hampshire—1677 Connecticut—1636
Made a separate colony from Massachusetts Bay
Connecticut—1636
First settlements led by Thomas Hooker
People seeking fertile land
1662, king granted a charter
Similar to life in MA Bay Colony
New Haven—absorbed into Connecticut

31. Mobility and Division Rhode Island—1636
Under Roger Williams, it accepted dissenters from Massachusetts
Toleration, but much infighting over land
1663, king granted a royal charter

32. New England Colonies, 1650

33. Diversity in the Middle Colonies
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware

34. Middle Colonies, 1685

35. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Dutch most aggressive European traders
New Netherlands—two settlements
Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany)
New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island
New Amsterdam very diverse: eighteen different languages in use by 1644 – very few Dutch actually settled there
Finnish, Swedish, Germans, Africans – no loyalty to Dutch
1664—colony captured by English fleet without a fight
Dutch can keep property

36. Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Area given to king’s brother, James, Duke of York
Property included New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and islands
Duke’s laws guaranteed religious toleration and created local government
Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level

37. Confusion in New Jersey
James gave New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (two close friends)
Difficult to collect rent
Sold to Quakers – split the colony in two
Quakers introduced Democratic system of government but both sides of the colony didn’t prosper
Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony

38. Quakers in America Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers
Quakers believed no need for a formal ministry; each person’s interpretation of scripture is equally valid
“Quaker” a derogatory term for those who “tremble at the word of the Lord”
Members called sect “Society of Friends”

39. Quaker Beliefs and Practice
Founder: George Fox (1624–1691)
Believed in “Inner Light”
Rejected predestination; anyone could be saved
Emphasized values of humility, simplicity, and pacifism
Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

40. Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
Aristocrat William Penn became a Quaker leader
Granted charter for Pennsylvania; bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors, insuring ocean access
“Holy Experiment”—a society run on Quaker principles

41. Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
Promoted religious toleration
Balance of power between rich and poor
Political structure failed because it was too cumbersome

42. Settling Pennsylvania
Penn’s income came from land sales to settlers
Settlers recruited from England, Wales, Ireland, and Germany
Diversity caused conflict
Quaker population racked by contention
Non-Quaker population did not share Quaker ideals

43. Settling Pennsylvania
1701—Charter of Liberties
Self-rule to Pennsylvania
Separated Delaware

44. Planting the Carolinas
Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake
Diversity of settlers and environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake

45. Proprietors of the Carolinas
Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty
Tried to recruit settlers from established American colonies
Few inhabitants in first years

46. The Barbadian Connection
Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged settlement by planters from crowded island of Barbados
Barbadians settled around Charleston, re-created plantation system of Barbados
Rice eventually became the staple crop
“Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” drawn up by John Locke
Rejected by population that desired greater self-government

47. The Barbadian Connection
French Huguenot settlers opposed Barbadians
1719—last governor appointed by proprietors overthrown
1729—king takes over and splits the colony into northern and southern halves

48. The Founding of Georgia
Georgia founded in 1732
James Oglethorpe’s ideas
Strategic purpose: buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida
Charitable purpose: refuge for imprisoned debtors from England
Originally rum and slaves prohibited, landowning capped

49. The Founding of Georgia
Oglethorpe’s ideas unpopular and repealed by 1751