1. Developing your arguments29
Developing your arguments

2. Reasoning (logos)
Claim – an assertion about a fact, value , or policy- the conclusion you want your audience to accept.
Evidence – material to support or back up your claim
Sufficient
True or probable
Relevant
Arranged logically

3. Reasoning According to Patterns
Inductive Reasoning – specific instances to general conclusions
Use sufficient amount of evidence
True and accurate evidence
Evidence relevant to the claim
Shorten the leap between evidence and claim
Be careful making absolute claim
EVIDENCE: Your lover buys you flowers and rubs your neck when it is stiff. They often hug and smooch you. They comfort you after a tough day of Comm
CLAIM: Your lover likes you very much.

4. Patterns of Reasoning cont…
Deductive Reasoning- general principle to specific instance
Establish validity of major and minor premises
Establish logical like between premises
Be careful not to insist on absolute conclusions
Syllogism – If a=b and b=c then a=c
Enthymeme – a syllogism that claims probabilities and likelihoods, not absolutes.

5. Patterns of Reasoning cont…
Causal Reasoning – connect two events according to a cause-and-effect relationship
Make sure event is true, accurate, and well supported
Spend time linking the know and unknown events
Make sure cause and effect have a close chronological relationship
Make sure you are not missing multiple causes or effects
Make sure claimed cause or effect is likely or most likely
Marijuana causes people to try other, more dangerous, drugs.

6. Patterns of Reasoning cont…
Analogical Resoning – similar “things”- presume an unknown quality of one is true because of other know
Establish accuracy of know quality
Show how the two factors are effectively alike
Research differences too
Germany has a lower drinking age than the US. The US is like Germany, thus the US should lower the drinking age.

7. Reasoning Fallacies Bandwagon Appeal to fear Believe me or beware
Slippery Slope
Event A will no doubt lead to event Z
Ad Hominem
Attacking the person instead of the problem
Either/or
Forcing a choice between two options when more exist
Red Herring
Raise an irrelevant point to diver attention from issue
Bandwagon
Everyone’s doing it, so you should too.