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Historical Roots of Psychology

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1 Historical Roots of Psychology
Unit 1

2 Wilhelm Wundt ( ) Interested in the basic elements of the human experience Developed the idea of Introspection A form of self-observation Trained participants would report their thoughts and feelings Important because he brought a systematic process to the study of human behavior Established the first psychological laboratory

3 Structuralism Developed by Edward Bradford Tichener
Uses Introspection to explore the structural elements of the mind Weaknesses Requires smart, verbal people Memory can be faulty Self-reporting can be inaccurate

4 Functionalism Study how animals & people adapt to their environment
William James ( ) “Father of Psychology” in the US Focused on the functions or actions of the conscious mind & the goals and purposes of behavior Believed all activities of the mind serve 1 purpose = to help us survive

5 Behaviorism Psychology = Prominent Behaviorists
1. should be an objective science 2. studies behavior without reference to mental process Prominent Behaviorists John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner B.F. Skinner

6 Behaviorism (cont’d) Criticisms of Behaviorism
Humanistic Psychology Didn’t like the focus on learned behavior Cognitive Psychology We should go beyond observable behavior and include how our mind processes and stores information Today psychology is defined as the science of behavior and mental processes

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8 Contemporary Approaches
Biggest Question: Nature vs. Nurture Plato = Nature; Aristotle = Nurture Descartes = Nature; Locke = Nurture Charles Darwin & Natural Selection Nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive & reproduce Has a significant impact on psychology & evolutionary psychology Current thought = Nurture works on what nature endows Every psychological event (every thought, every emotion) is simultaneously a biological event Example: Depression can be BOTH a brain disorder & a thought disorder

9 Contemporary Approaches
Biopsychosocial Approach Gives a more complete view of behavior

10 Contemporary Approaches/Perspectives
Each one might emphasis the biological, psychological, or social-cultural level more than another Each asks different questions Each has its own limitations

11 Contemporary Approaches/Perspectives
1. Biological How the body & brain enable memories, emotions, & sensory experiences How genes combine with environment to influence individual differences 2. Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes 3. Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives & conflicts

12 Contemporary Approaches/Perspectives
4. Behavioral How we learn observable behavior 5. Cognitive How we encode, process, store, & retrieve information 6. Humanistic How we meet our needs for love & acceptance and achieve self-fulfillment 7. Social-Cultural How behavior & thinking vary across situations & cultures

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