1. Nuclear Plant Operations 101
December 1, 2010
Vijay K. Sazawal, Ph.D.
Director, Government Programs
Disclaimer: Views expressed in the presentation are attributable solely to the author

2. Restricted Proprietary Information
Presentation
Global Nuclear Power Map and Market
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Front end
Back end
Power Reactors
Nuclear Power Plants in operation
Light Water Reactors (LWRs)
Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Application of Export Controls
Definition of key terms
Departmental delineation
When in doubt…..
Closing remarks
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3. Global Nuclear Map and Market
30 Countries with 438 total units operating
U.S.: 104 (20%)
France: 58 (78%)
Japan: 53 (27%)
Russia: 31 (17%)
Canada: 21 (15%)
S. Korea: 20 (37%)
Germany: 17 (27%)
50 Reactors in construction in 13 countries
68 Countries considering nuclear power, nearly half seriously
Key markets for U.S. companies include China, India, Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Vietnam, UAE and U.K.
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4. Restricted Proprietary Information
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
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5. Front End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Mining (Uranium Ore)
Milling (“Yellowcake”/Uranium Oxide)
Conversion (UF6)
Enrichment (LEU)
Fuel Fabrication/Assembly
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6. Restricted Proprietary Information
Nuclear Enrichment
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7. Restricted Proprietary Information
Fuel Assemblies
PWR FUEL
BWR FUEL
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8. Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Interim storage
Spent fuel processing
Repository
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9. Restricted Proprietary Information
Interim Wet Storage
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10. Restricted Proprietary Information
Interim Dry Storage
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11. Restricted Proprietary Information
Reprocessing
COEX
PUREX
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12. Restricted Proprietary Information
Repository - WIPP
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13. Repository – Yucca Mountain
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14. Nuclear Power Plants in Commercial Operation
Reactor Type
Main Countries
Number
GWe
Fuel
Coolant
Moderator
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
US, France, Japan, Russia, China
265
251.6
Enriched UO2
Water
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
US, Japan, Sweden 94
86.4
Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor ‘CANDU’ (PHWR)
Canada 44
24.3
Natural UO2
Heavy Water
Gas-cooled Reactor
(AGR & Magnox) UK 18
10.8
Natural U (metal)
CO2
Graphite
Light Water Graphite Reactor (RBMK)
Russia 12
12.3
Fast Neutron Reactor (FBR)
Japan, Russia 2
1.0
PuO2 and UO2
Liquid Sodium
None
Source: Nuclear Engineering International Handbook 2010
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15. Light Water Reactors (LWRs)
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16. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
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17. Restricted Proprietary Information
PWR Steam Generator
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PWR Coolant Pump
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BWR Reactor System
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20. Restricted Proprietary Information
Balance of Plant (BoP)
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21. Evolution of Nuclear Reactor Designs
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22. Small Nuclear Power Reactors
IAEA defines “small” as under 300 MWe
Renewed interest in small reactors partly in response to high capital cost of large power reactors
Lends to modular construction and incremental additions in capacity
Assessment by IAEA in 2009 concluded that there could be small modular reactors (SMRs) in operation by 2030
Other countries are likely to build and operate SMRs ahead of the U.S. Russia will commission a floating nuclear plan (35 MWe PWR) in 2011
FY 2011 President’s Budget Request included $39M for SMR development
DOE exploring public-private partnership to pursue NRC design certification for 1 to 2 SMRs employing LWR technologies
Commercial deployment of SMRs expected in the U.S. around 2020
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23. NRC Pre-Application Review of Small Reactors
No.
Design
Applicant
Capacity
Type
Design Certification Application 1.
NuScale
NuScale Power, Inc.
160 MWt/45 MWe
PWR
1Q CY 2012 2.
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR)
PBMR (Pty.), Ltd.
400 MWt/165 MWe
HTR
FY 2013 3.
Super-Safe Small & Simple (4S)
Toshiba
30MWt/10 MWe
LMR
2Q CY 2012 4.
Hyperion Power Module (HPM)
Hyperion Power Generation, Inc.
70MWt/25 MWe
MSR
N/A 5.
Power Reactor Innovative Small Module (PRISM)
GE-Hitachi Nuclear Energy
840MWt/311 MWe 6.
mPower
Babcock & Wilcox Company
400MWt/125MWe
4Q CY 2012
Gas Turbine-Modular Helium General Atomics-OKBM MWt/285 MWe HTR N/A
Reactor (GT-MHR)
Energy Multiplier Module General Atomics MWe HFR N/A
(EM2)
Traveling Wave Reactor TerraPower, LLC
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HTR N/A

24. Application of Export Controls Definition of Key Terms
Source Materials:
Material in any physical or chemical form or ores that contain by weight 0.05 percent or more of uranium or thorium (or in combination). Depleted uranium (left over from uranium enrichment) is considered a source material
Source Material Licensing: 10 CFR Part 40
Special Nuclear Material (SNM):
Plutonium, Uranium-233, Uranium enriched in the isotopes U-233 or U-235. Pu and U-233 do not occur naturally
SNM Licensing: 10 CFR Part 70
By Product Material:
Non-SNM material that is radioactive and produced either by fission process or by using SNM. Examples are Tritium (H-3), Carbon-14, Flourine-18, Cobalt-57, Krypton-87, Radium-226
By Product Licensing: 10 CFR Part 30
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25. Nuclear Facilities and Equipment Under NRC Export Licensing Authority
Major equipment used in nuclear reactors:
Reactor pressure vessel
On-line fuel charging and discharging machines
Control rod system and drive mechanisms
Reactor primary coolant pump
Zirconium tubes
Reactor internals (NSSS)
Major equipment (especially designed or critically important) for following plants:
Separation and enrichment of isotopes of uranium and lithium
Fabrication of nuclear reactor fuel assemblies
Reprocessing of irradiated nuclear reactor fuel
Production of heavy water
Conversion of uranium and plutonium
Production of SNM using accelerator driven systems above 5MWt
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26. Nuclear Material Under NRC Export Licensing Material
SNM*
Source Material*
Byproduct Material*
Deuterium (heavy water)
Nuclear grade graphite
Full details in 10 CFR Part 110, including latest updates
* Requires NRC Import License
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27. Department of Commerce-Bureau of Industry & Security (BIS)
Export licenses cover “Dual Use” items
BIS export licenses may be required depending on the nature of the item, the country of destination and specific “end-use”
Export licenses may apply to major equipment and technology in the Balance of Plant (BoP)
High pressure turbines
Condensate pumps, valves and motors
Main generators and back-up generators
Transformers
Fire detection and suppression systems
I&C used in BoP
Radiation detection
Telecommunications
Tools and maintenance
Additional guidance from BIS:
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When in Doubt…..
Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (ITA)
Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide:
(202)
(202)
NRC (10CFR 110)
Office of Export Controls and International Programs
(301)
(301)
NNSA (10CFR 810)
Office of International Regimes and Agreements
(202)
(202)
DOC (“Dual Use”)
Bureau of Industry and Security
(202)
(202)
DOS (“123 Agreements”)
Office of Nuclear Energy, Safety and Security
(202)
(202)
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Closing Remarks
U.S. Government
Executive Order – National Export Initiative
Civil Nuclear Trade Initiative
Interagency Working Group
Trade Promotion
Government – Industry Coordination
Civil Nuclear Trade Advisory Committee (CINTAC)
Civil Nuclear Exporters Guide
Export Control Seminars
Industry Briefings
Any Questions?
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