1. Chapter 7 The Cell
Pages

2. How do we study cells? Microscopes
Magnifies objects that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Types:
Simple
1 lens & uses light
Can only see larger objects
Compound
2/more lens & uses light
Can magnify objects 1500 x
Can only see outside cell
Electron
Uses stream of electrons
Can magnify objects 500,000 x
Allows to see inside cell
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) – flat picture
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - 3D picture

3. Compound Microscope Parts
Revolving Nose Piece:
Moves desired objective lens into position
Ocular:
Magnifies the image
Arm
High Power Objective Lens:
Contains the lens with high power magnification (40X)
Low Power Objective Lens:
Contains the lens with low power magnification (4 x)

4. Compound Microscope Parts
Body Tube:
Holds eye-piece in place
Coarse
Adjustment:
Focuses the image under low power
Stage:
Holds the slide
Fine
Adjustment:
Sharpens the image under high and low magnification
Stage Clips:
Holds the slide in position

5. Compound Microscope Parts
Diaphragm:
Regulates the amount of light that passes through the specimen
Mirror/Light Source:
Supplies light to object
Inclination Joint:
Tilts Microscope to Eye Level
Base

6. -Base -Ocular -Arm -High Pwr
-Base -Ocular -Arm -High Pwr. Objective Lens -Diaphragm -Stage Clips -Inclination Joint -Mirror/Light Source -Revolving Nose Piece -Low Objective Lens -Coarse Adjustment -Stage -Fine Adjustment -Body Tube 9. 1. 3.
10. 2.
11. 4.
12. 5.
13. 6. 7.
14. 8.

7. Answers Body Tube Revolving Nose Piece High Power Objective Lens
Stage Clip
Stage
Diaphragm
Mirror/Light Source
Base
Ocular
Arm
Low Power Objective Lens
Coarse Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Inclination Joint

8. Match the Microscope Part to its Function:
Part Function
Body Tube
High Power Objective Lens
Diaphragm
Coarse Adjustment
Low Power Objective Lens
Stage Clips
Ocular
Revolving Nosepiece
Mirror/Light
Arm
Inclination Joint
Base
Fine Adjustment
Stage
To raise & lower the stage, for major focus change
Magnifies things 10 x
Lens used to scan large areas of specimen
Where slides are placed
To make minor focusing adjustments
To change objective lenses
Lens used to magnify the object as much as possible
The source of light
To keep the scope level and securely standing
For the purpose of carrying the microscope
To hold the slide in place
To adjust the amount of light entering from the bottom
Tilts microscope to eye level
Holds eye-piece in place

9. Answers D K G A E N M H B I L J F C

10. Find the Magnification
What is the magnification of an onion cell when looking at it through the low power magnification lens that has a 4 x magnification?
What is the magnification of an elodea leaf cell when looking at it through a lens with the magnification of 10x?
What lens are you using when the cheek cell you are looking at through a microscope is magnified 400 x?
40 x
100 x
High Power Magnification Lens

11. Meet Mr. Cell Cell: the basic unit of living organisms
Unicellular- one celled (ex: bacteria)
Multicellular- many celled organism (ex: humans)
Cell Theory:
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms
All cells come from preexisting cells
***The cell is the basic unit of:
1)structure, 2) function, and 3)heredity
in all life

12. 2 Types: Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic: Primitive Unicellular
No true nucleus or membrane bound parts
Only example: Bacteria
Eukaryotic:
Unicellular & Multicellular
True nucleus & membrane bound parts
Example: all other life

13. Scientists Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
1st microscope
Observed sperm, pond scum, & red blood cells (RBC’s)
Robert Hooke ( )
Observed “cells” in cork
Robert Brown (1831)
Observed nucleus
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
Observed plants were made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
Observed animals were made of cells
1st cell theory
Ruduof Virchow (1855)
Observed cell division
“All cells come from preexisting cells”

14. Cell Compartmentalization
Cells are compartmentalized which allows for specialization!
Cells are analogous to a city
Compartments:
Mailing Center-Golgi Apparatus
Town Hall- Nucleus
Mail Carriers- Ribosomes
Compartments = Organelles
Aka “little organs”
Brain = nucleus
Lungs= mitochondria
Stomach = lysosomes
Cell = our body
- just like we have organs that do certain things
-heart pumps blood, stomach digestion, lungs breath
we have organelles in our cells that are specialized and work together as a whole

15. Cell Wall “Plant Wall” Barrier between cell & it’s environment
Protects plant cells
Made up of cellulose (polysaccharide)
Only in plant cells!
Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria

16. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Selectively Permeable
(semi-permeable membrane)
Allows only certain material to move through
Permeability depends on solute size and solubility
“Gate Keeper”
Controls what goes in and out of the cell & maintains homeostasis
Barrier between cell & it’s environment
Plant & Animal

17. Fluid Mosaic Model: Membrane is fluid, and the molecules are always moving
Same consistency as olive oil

18. Nucleus Nucleolus “Cell Brain” Controls the cell Nuclear membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Controls what goes in and out of nucleus
Plant & Animal
“Ribosome Factories”
Plant & Animal
Makes ribosomes
Disappears during cell division

19. Chromatin “Threads of Life” Holds DNA
***DNA = genetic code
DNA + Protein that makes up chromosomes:
Coiled DNA
Plant & Animal

20. Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum “Protein Factories” Produce Proteins
Plant & Animal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Roadway”
Rough ER:
w/ ribosomes
Site of protein production
Smooth ER
w/out ribosomes
Site of lipid production
Plant & Animal

21. Mitochondria “Powerhouse”
Produces ATP using energy stored in food molecules
(ATP:adenosine tri-phosphate)
Cells that requires lots of energy have lots of mitochondria (muscle cells)
Smooth outer membrane & folded inner membrane (cristae)
Plant and Animal

22. Chloroplast “Green Capsules” Produces chlorophyll Double membrane:
green pigment that makes plants green
traps sunlight for photosynthesis (makes energy for plants)
Double membrane:
Outer smooth
Inner:
Stacks of sacs called: thylakoids
The stacks of thylakoids = grana
Stroma: gel-like innermost part of chloroplast
Plants

23. Vacuoles “Storage Cavities”
Stores food, water, metabolic and toxic waste, and in plants it stores sugars
Plants and Animals
Plants- single, large vacuole, largest organelle
Animals- small

24. Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton “Living Matter” Holds organelles in place
Fills up the inside of the cell
Plant & Animal
“Cell Skeleton”
Holds cell shape & allows for movement:
Intracellular transport
Cell Division
Microtubules –protein tubes
Microfilaments- protein fibers
Plant & Animal

25. Centrioles Cilia Flagella “Cell Cylinders” For cell division Animal
“Cell Hair”
Tiny hair-like structure
Movement
Animal
Flagella
“Cell Whip”
Long whip-like
Movement
Animal

26. Organelle Nickname Function Plant/Animal
Cell Wall
Plant Wall
Protection & Structure
Plant
Plasma Membrane
Cell Gate Keeper
Controls movement in/out of cell
P & A
Nucleus
Cell Brain
Controls cell
(Nuclear Membrane
= nucleus gate keeper)
Nucleolus
Ribosome Factory
Produces Ribosomes
Chromatin & Chromosomes
Thread of Life
Holds DNA = genetic code

27. Organelle Nickname Function Plant/Animal
Ribosomes
Protein Factories
Produces Protein
P & A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough
Smooth
Roadway
a. w/ ribosomes
-site of protein production
b. w/out ribosomes
-site of lipid production
Mitochondria
Powerhouse
Produces Energy = ATP
Both
Chloroplast
Green Capsules
Makes plants green
Captures light for photosynthesis
P lant
Vacuoles
Storage Cavities
Stores food, water, & waste

28. Organelle Nickname Function Plant/Animal
Cytoplasm
Living Matter
Holds organelles in place
Fills up cell
P & A
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules & Microfilaments
Cell Skeleton
Holds cell shape
Centrioles
Cell Cylinders
Animal Cell Division
Animal
Cilia
Cell Hair
Movement
Flagella
Cell Whip

29. Plant & Animal Cell Differences
Plants have:
Animals have:
Cell Wall
Centrioles
1 Large Vacuole
Cilia & Flagella
Chloroplast