1. Adesh Khadka Ministry of Finance adesh.khadka@gmail.com
ICT & its Application in
Public Service
Adesh Khadka
Ministry of Finance

2. Digital revolution has brought many private benefits
A typical day in the life of the internet
SOURCE: WDR 2016 team; (As compiled on May 29, 2015)

3. At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012, a global consensus was reached that to achieve our sustainable development goals we need institutions at all levels that are effective, transparent, accountable and democratic.
E-government holds tremendous potential to improve the way that governments deliver public services and enhance broad stakeholder involvement in public service.
WU Hongbo
Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs

4. eGovernance The UNESCO definition (www.unesco.org) is:
“E-governance is the public sector’s use of ICT with the aim of
improving information and service delivery,
encouraging citizen participation in the decision-making process and
making government more accountable, transparent and effective.
involves new styles of leadership, new ways of debating and deciding policy and investment, new ways of accessing education, new ways of listening to citizens and new ways of organizing and delivering information and services.
E-governance is generally considered as a wider concept than e- government,
Its objective is to engage, enable and empower the citizen.”

5. WHY E-GOVERNMENT?
“Everyone else is doing it, so its probably important and useful”
“We think it will reduce costs for individuals and businesses to deal with government”
”We think it will reduce costs for government “
”We need to reach out to a broader part of population”
”We think it’s a tool for transformation of public administration from bureaucracy to service provider”

6. TRANSFORMATION IN GOVERNMENT
Bureaucratic
Citizen Centric
Fragmented
Integrated
Authoritarian
Service Oriented, Participatory
Closed
Transparent
Intuition/ Guess Work
Informed Decision Making
Manual Operation
Automated

7. E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Three essential elements
e-Gov Applications: application and services software components
IT Platform: Data center, application servers and storage
Government Info-communications Infrastructure (GII): Physical network components
e-Gov Applications
GII
IT Platform

8. E-GOVERNMENT: WHAT IT IS NOT
It is not Computerizing the Existing Government Processes.
It is not digitizing the files and documents of the Government.
E-Government  Technology
E-Government = Government
( Change management and Transformation )

9. Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG)
COFOG is a classification defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.
01 - General public services
06 - Housing and community amenities
02 – Defense
07 – Health,
03 - Public order and safety
08 - Recreation, culture and religion,
04 - Economic affairs
09 – Education,
05 - Environmental protection
10 - Social protection,

10. RICH vs
Reach

11. G2C G2B G2G (including G2E) E-GOVERNMENT MODEL
e-government category that includes all the interactions between a government and its citizens that can take place electronically.
G2C
e-government category that includes interactions between governments and businesses
G2B
Collaboration between government units
G2E): e-government category that includes activities and services between government units and their employees.
G2G (including G2E)

12. EVOLUTION OF E-GOVERNMENT
Seamless
Phase 5
Transactional
Interactive
Phase 4
Total
integration
of e-functions
and services
across
administrative /departmental
boundaries
Enhance
Phase 3
Users can
actually pay
for services or conduct
financial
transactions
online
Emerging
Phase 2
Form can be
downloaded;
Applications
submitted
online
Content and
Information
is updated
with greater
regularity
Phase 1
Gov website
Offers limited, basic, static info.
UN/ASPA global survey

13. NEPAL E-GOV. DEVELOPMENT INDEX
EGDI
Online Service
Telecom Infra
Human Capital
Nepal
EGDI Rank
Nepal
E-Participation Index   Rank 110 of 193
EPART Rank
Nepal
Source: UN e-Government Survey 2014

14. GIDC Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)
The concept of GIDC was provisioned in the national e-Governance Master Plan (eGMP)
Government of Korea through KOICA assisted construction of GIDC
The construction of GIDC was completed and handed over to NITC in May 2009
High end computing infrastructure with multi-tier security
Works as a base infrastructure to host e-Gov. applications
Improve stability and efficiency through concentrated central management within Data Center that provide Internet access and management for e-government
GIDC
Infra. IT
Hardware and
System
Human Resource

15. But are countries reaping sizable digital dividends?
Growth
Jobs
Services
Business
People
Government
Helps businesses to grow, people to find work and entrepreneurial opportunities, and governments to provide better services.
AGENTS
Are the benefits reaching everyone, everywhere?

16. 1. A significant digital divide remains
6 BILLION without BROADBAND
4 BILLION without INTERNET
2 BILLION without MOBILE PHONES
0.4 BILLION without A DIGITAL SIGNAL
Divides persist between and within countries—in access and capability
SOURCE: WDR 2016 team based on Research ICT Africa and ITU data

17. 2. Digital technologies hold benefits as well as risks
with
complements
INNOVATION
EFFICIENCY
INCLUSION
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
CONCENTRATION
INEQUALITY
CONTROL
without
complements
What are those complements?

18. Automation without SKILLS
 polarized labor markets and greater inequality
SOURCE: World Bank. Data at

19. Information without ACCOUNTABILITY
 greater state control and elite capture
CHANNELS
IMPACT
OUTCOMES
Informing citizens
High
GOVERNMENT
CAPABILITY
Automating tasks
Medium
Citizens feedback
Provider management
Low
Free and fair elections
CITIZEN
EMPOWERMENT
Informed voting
Collective action
SERVICE DELIVERY
INCLUSION
EFFICIENCY
INNOVATION
SOURCE: WDR 2016 Team, Pew Research

20. Race between technology and complements
Complements: Index of quality of institutions, skills and regulations.
Technology: Digital adoption index - businesses, people and governments.
SOURCE: WDR 2016 team. For more details see figure 5.3 in the full Report.

21. Analog foundations for a digital economy
NATIONAL
PRIORITIES
Analog foundations for a digital economy
Lay the foundations
Make sure everyone can take advantage
Deal with wicked problems
SOURCE: WDR 2016 team.

22. Connectivity + Complements  Digital Dividends
Digital development strategies need to be broader than ICT strategies
Regulations that allow firms to connect and compete
Skills that leverage technology
Institutions that are accountable and capable
Digital technologies add two important dimensions
They amplify the impact of good (and bad) policies  Failure to reform means falling further behind
While not a short-cut to development, they can be an accelerator, by raising the quality of complements
The payoff
Increasing digital dividends: Faster growth, more jobs and better services

23. IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS OF E-GOVERNMENT
Policy Barrier
Political will and Leadership
Policy Strategies and Action plan
Law and regulation
Coordination and Collaboration
Implementation Barriers of
e-Government
Technological Barrier
Connectivity and Infrastructure
Content, Database and application
Accessibility and Security
Socio- Cultural and Financial Barrier
Funding Issue
Awareness and Education
ICT Capacity and Expertise

24. CONCLUSIONSION
ICT only can’t provide a ‘silver bullet’ to solve our developmental challenges but have tremendous potential as a enabler for development
Institutional Arrangement with e-Government Roadmap
Investment in IT infrastructure and Expand the Access for the Citizen
Role of skilled human resources is critical to ensure the success of any e-gov initiatives
Awareness 24

25. Q & A 25