1. The Industrial Revolution: Britain Begins Industrialization
Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?

2. 2nd Agr Rev in Britain (1700)
Enclosure Movement wealthy landowners buy small farms, combine them & enclose them with fences or hedges
Large farms begin to experiment w/ new ways to create larger/more crops
Crop rotation grow different crops on same field
selective breeding of animals
- bigger animals  more food  higher population

3. handmade textiles [cloth products]
Every member of family contributed to process [paid per piece]
Bigger pop needs more goods (esp. textiles)  farmers move to cities to find work,  factory system develops
British Industrialize
begins in GB – have factors of production [land, labor, and capital (wealth/money)]
1) Natural Resources: Large coal & iron deposits [fuel & build machines and factories]
2) Large Pop/Stable Gov’t: steady workforce
3) Transportation: Rivers [internal transfer] & natural harbors [merchants sail outside of GB]
4) Entrepreneurs: people invest $ in new technology [strong banking system in GB]
Cottage System

5. Coal Mining in Britain 1800 - 1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
British Pig Iron Production

6. The Opening of the Bridgewater Canal 1761 CE by Ford Madox Brown

7. The First Cast Iron Bridge, Coalbrookdale, 1779

8. The Bessemer Process
The Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. It is the removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation wit air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

9. Bessemer Steel Workers

10. 5) Improvements and inventions: manufacturing process quicker & easier = more efficient
A) Spinning Jenny:
-Could work 8 pieces of thread at a time
B) Spinning Mule
- Water powered version of Jenny
C) Power Loom
-Faster than mule
D) Flying Shuttle
Invented by John Kay
Helped pull thread through machines

11. B) Steam & Coal Locomotive
6. Transportation improvements : steam and coal powered engines [boats and trains]
A) Watt’s Steam Engine
- James Watt improved and patented an engine run by steam (boats, trains)
B) Steam & Coal Locomotive
“The Rocket” was twice as fast as any other train
C) Liverpool-Manchester railroad
-first successful British RR

12. Impact of the Railroad, Britain

13. Steam Tractor

14. Steam Locomotive, Canada

15. CONSTERNATION AT THE SIGHT OF FULTON'S MONSTER

16. Steam Ship, South Africa

17. Macadam Road, California

18. Life During Industrialization
IR causes urbanization (movement to cities)
gov’t no plan to deal with rapidly growing cities
dark, dirty, crowded homes with little sanitation
major problem pollution  factories burned coal

19. dangerous working conditions in factories: unsafe machinery, lack of training & long hours (14 hours a day, 6 days a week)
paid by hour and have low wages
child labor
Typical day for William Cooper, a 10 year old worker at a British textile factory:
5:00am: The workday begins for William. He an his sister were up by 4:00am to get to the factory by 5am. Breakfast was eaten on the run.

20. 12noon: Children are given a 40-minute break for lunch
12noon: Children are given a 40-minute break for lunch. This is their only break of the day.
3:00pm: Children often became drowsy in the late afternoon. Adult overseers would walk around and whip children who were not awake.
6:00pm: There was no break for an evening meal. Children would have to eat while working.

21. 9:00pm: William Cooper’s day ended after an exhausting 16-hour shift
11:00pm: William’s older sister had to work an extra two hours sewing materials. She still had to return at 5am the next day.

22. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

23. Child Coal Miners, 1907

24. “Match” Girls
Match girls worked long hours in the factories (usually from 6 AM to 6 PM) with only two short breaks. They were not allowed to talk or even sit down while they worked (otherwise they would be fined or fired). The girls only made 4 shillings a day, but they were also heavily fined if they dropped a match, talked to each other, sat down, arrived late, or went to the bathroom without permission (sometimes they went home with no pay at all). Beatings were not uncommon at the factories as well.

25. Tenement NYC 1890 by Jacob Riis

26. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

27. Luddites