1. State It’s modern phenomena. It emerged in 15th -16th century.
It’s western construct.

2. Features of modern state
1.Sovereignty.
2. Territorially limited.
3. Universal Authority with in the boundary.
4.Backed by coercion.
5. Compulsory Area
Features of modern state

3. Leviathan: Hobbes State

4. Leviathan: Hobbes State

5. Theories of the state
Liberal theory
Marxian theory

6. Liberal theory of State
Based on Liberal democracy
1. Constitutional Government.
2. Individual rights & liberty.
3.Multi-party competition.
4.Regular free & fair election.
Strong Civil Society

7. Liberal State 1. Neutral arbiter / Umpire/Referee
Modern state less responsive.
2. Polyarchy : a) Government,
b) Non-elected elements
c) Organized political groups
d) JKGalbraith _ The Affluent Society
e) Charles Lindblom: Politics & Market

8. New Right/ Neo-liberal/ Liberitarian
Arguments
1. State becomes overarching/ Monster.
2. Electoral Promises for winability.
3. Closer links between business & working class
4.Expanding of bureaucracy

9. Primacy of Private life
1. Private sphere is sacred