1. Department of Political Science
Rights and Duties
JYOTI
Assistant Professor
Department of Political Science
PGGC-11
Chandigarh

2. Characterstics of Rights
Rights exists in society
Rights are claims of individuals against society
Rights are recognized by society
Rights are moral and reasonable
Rights stands for social good
Rights are equal for all
Rights changes with time
Rights are not absolute
Rights are bound with duties
Rights are protected by the State

3. Classification of Rights
Natural rights
legal rights
Moral rights-
Civil rights
Political rights
Economic rights

4. Safeguards of Rights Provision of Rights in the Constitution
Provision of Constitutional Remedies
Rigid Constitution
Independent Judiciary
Vigilant Citizens
Democratic Government

5. Duties Duties can be divided into two categories: Moral Duties
Legal Duties

6. Duties towards Oneself
Duties towards Family
Duties towards the Neighbour
Duties towards Village or City
Duties towards Province
Duties towards the Nation
Duties towards Humanity

7. Relations between the rights and Duties
Both are complementary
One’s right is Others duty
One’s right is also one’s duty
One should make proper use of rights
Rights should be used in the interest of social welfare
Rights are linked with duties towards the State
Right without duty is a mere Might

8. Environmental Protection
Kind of Environmental Pollution:
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Soil Pollution
Noise Pollution
Other kinds of pollutions

9. General Causes
Efforts of human beings to explore the secrets of nature
Use of chemicals
Use of fertilizers and pesticides
Process of industrial production
non-existence of gadgets to reduce pollution
Nuclear explosions
Smoke emitting out of vehicles
Deforestation
Noise from various sources
Lack of proper disposal of waste products

10. Effects Bad effect on human beings Effect on animals
Imbalance in nature
Effect on weather cycle
Destruction of ozone layer
Reduction in soil fertility
Effect to marine life

11. Meaning and Aims of Environment Protection
Development without destruction
Safety of animals
To maintain environmental balance
To check over-exploitation
Not to raise obstacles in enviornment