1. Charles Babbage Bor n Died Nationality Fields Institutions Alma mater
26 December 1791 London, England
Died
18 October 1871 (aged 79) Marylebone, London, England
Nationality
United Kingdom
Fields
Mathematics, analytic philosophy, computer science
Institutions
Trinity College, Cambridge
Alma mater
Peterhouse, Cambridge
Religious stance
Christian

2. Early management concepts and influences
Western expansion and the commercialization of the new territories and states.
Development of the national railroad network.
Creation national and urban markets.
Application of new sources of power generation (electricity and the internal combustion engine) to industry and transportation.
Systemic application of the natural physical sciences in business.
Institutionalization of research and development in American business

3. An early labor contract
Among the problems facing managers during the 19th century was the large number of workers needed to operate machinery, wait on customers, and keep records and books. Many managers tried to solve this problem
by using tight controls and systemic coordination. Frequently, workers were bound by contracts that specified the terms of their employment, including wage rate, method of payment, and task specifications.

4. Systemic management Careful definition of duties and responsibilities.
Standardized techniques for
performing these duties.
Specific means of gathering,
handling, transmitting, and
analyzing information.
Cost accounting, wage, and
production-control system to
facilitate internal coordination
and communications

5. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures Charles Babbage expands on Smith's division of labor by proposing that specialization is as relevant to mental work as it is to physical labor.
Babbage, who, like Isaac Newton, was professor of mathematics at Cambridge, attempted to construct the first computer in the early nineteenth century, more than a century before the first working computer was produced. Of course, Babbage's computer was based on mechanical power rather than electronics, but it still required parts with very precise specifications. In carrying out this project, Babbage had to work with many workshops. In the process Babbage learnt a great deal about modern manufacturing.

6. From this division he saw three advantages:
Babbage, fulfills two important requirements. First, it must "lead to the production of tangible objects." Second, labor must "create a surplus" which can be reinvested into production.
From this division he saw three advantages:
- the development of skills - time saving - the possibility of using specialized tools

7. Babbage's suggestions led to many changes in manufacturing processes.
In his book Babbage offered, as an advantage to the division of labor, that the amount of skill needed to undertake a specialized task was only the skill the necessary to complete the task.
Babbage analyzed and documented the manufacture of a pin and broke the process down into seven elements to illustrate his point. This study became important to employers in that they only had to pay for the amount of skill required to complete a task .