1. Cells – The building blocks of life

2. Cell theory – the history behind it
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
He looked at a piece of cork under a microscope and noted that it looked like honeycomb
In 1674 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek saw the first living cells using a compound microscope

3. Cell Theory All living things or organisms are made of cells
New cells are created by old cells dividing into two
Cells are the basic building blocks of life

4. Modern cell theory
1. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
3. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
4. Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5.

5. Modern cell theory continued
5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
6. All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
7. Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are known as unicellular organisms.
8. Others are multicellular, composed of a number of cells.
9. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.

6. Viewing cells – microscopy

7. Compound Microscopes

8. Fluorescent Microscopes

9. Certain proteins will fluoresce

11. Electron Microscopes

15. Types of cells
Prokaryotic – simple cells, DNA is not contained, no organelles
Ex: bacteria
Eukaryotic – more complex cells, DNA is contained, organelles
Ex: animal cells and plant cells

16. Eukaryotic Cells - organelles

17. Cell Membrane
A phospholipid layer that allows transport into and out of a cell

18. Nucleus The control center for the cell Contains DNA
Surrounded by a double membrane

19. Endoplasmic reticulum
Allows for transport within the cell
Rough E.R – has ribosomes, makes protein
Smooth E.R- has no ribosomes, makes lipids (fats)
Ribosome: Site of protein sysnthesis

20. Golgi Apparatus
Packages, stores and delivers proteins

21. Lysosomes
Clean the cell and destroy worn out cell parts

22. Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the animal cell – where cellular respiration occurs

23. Chloroplast Found in plant cells only Site of photosynthesis
Clorophyll gives the plant a green color

24. Cell wall
Thick outer layer protecting plant and bacterial cells

25. vacuoles Storage of water, nutrients (food), waste
Plants generally have one large vacuole while animal cells have several smaller vacuoles

26. Movement across the cell membrane

27. Structure of the membrane
Made of
Phosopholipids – provide a barrier from things entering and leaving the cell
Fatty acids – maintains shape
Proteins – serve as a gate way to allows things in and out of the cell

28. Membrane animation

29. Diffusion/osmosis
Movement of molecules across the membrane from high concentrations to less concentrations

30. Terms Isotonic – two solutions with the same concentration
Hypertonic – a solution with a higher concentration than another
Hypotonic – a solution with a lower concentration than another

31. Facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules from areas of more concentration to less concentration using proteins
Used with larger molecules

32. Active transport
Movement of molecules from areas of lower concentration to higher concentration using proteins
Requires energy!

33. terms Endocytosis - Transport into the cell using a vesicle
Phagocytosis – transport into the cell using a vesicle that is destroyed by lysosomes
Exocytosis – Tr
Video: out of the cell using a vesicle
Animation:

34. Cell division: mitosis vs meiosis

35. Cancer – when cells go wild!