1. Dyeing of Wool, Silk, Nylon and Acrylic
Faiza Anwar

2. Acid Dyes
So called because these are usually applied under acidic conditions.
Dyes are normally very large aromatic molecules consisting of many linked rings.
Acid dyes usually have a carboxyl or amino group on the molecule.
General formula DSO3-Na+ i-e sodium salt of sulphonic acid

3. Acid Dyes Attached to fiber by ionic or salt linkage at “dye site”.
Dye site in wool is amino group (NH2);
Applied under acidic conditions, their types are:
Good leveling characteristics
Average leveling characteristics
Poor leveling characteristics

4. Types of Acid Dyes Good leveling Average leveling
They have poor substantivity that’s why they have good levelling property.
applied in ph.
Average leveling
They have average substantivity that’s why they have average levelling property.
applied in 5-6 pH,
Poor leveling characteristics
They have very good substantivity that’s why they have poor levelling property.
applied in 6-7 pH.

6. Acid Dyes
Dark shades achievable on wool b/c of its amorphous nature and plenty of amino groups.
Same is the mechanism for silk and synthetics like polyamide
Synthetic fibers may form an ionic or salt linkage.
They are highly substantive dyes so uneven dyeing may result
Evenness achieved by use of retarders such as Na2SO4.

7. Dyeing with Acid Dyes
Applied under acidic conditions maintained by the addition of
sulphuric acid in dye solution for good leveling dyes
Acetic Acid in dye solution for average and poor leveling dyes
Good substantivity (so chances of unlevelness)
Sodium Sulphate is used as a Retarder for level dyeing.

8. Addition of Acid
Addition of acid acts as an exhausting agent, because strongly acidic conditions makes more cationic sites available and thus available dye anions got combined with these.

9. Mechanism of Acid Dyes Fixation mechanism Wool-NH2 + H + Wool-NH3 +
Chromophore is -ively charged
Amino group of Wool is made +ively charged so dyes attaches to it by the addition of acid which liberates H+
DSO3- + 3HN-wool

10. Addition of Salt
Electrolyte in the acid dye bath act as a retarding agent because of chlorides ions attracted by the positive sites at the fiber.
Anions of the retarders (chloride or sulphate radicals) are negatively charged and smaller than the dye anion and can move more rapidly in the dye liquor.
Dye sites of the fiber polymer are rapidly occupied by the chloride/sulphate radical and in effect compete with the acid dye anion for the dye sites.

11. Effect of Heat
Dye molecules have the greater affinity for the dye sites but the sulphate radicals retards the rate at which the dye molecules occupies the dye sites results in uniform dyeing.
The application of heat assists the dyeing process by increasing the kinetic energy of the dye molecules which are slowly overcoming the retarding effect of the sulphate radicals.
Thus, the dye anion will gradually replace the sulphate radical that has been attached to the dye sites.

12. Properties of Acid Dyes
Light fastness is good being rating of about 5.
Since the chromophore of acid dyes are stable and can bear the UV exposure present in sunlight.
Wash fastness is poor to good depending upon substantivity of the type of dye used.
W.F is 2-3 with good leveling characterstics
3-4 for those whose average leveling
4-5 for poor leveling characterstics.

13. Reasons for Low wash fastness
Firstly, This is because the ionic and hydrogen bonds are hydrolyzed in water.
Secondly these dyes are acidic in nature so can not bear alkaline treatments during washing and laundering.

14. Basic Dyes Can be used for wool, silk and acrylic and modacrylic
But poor properties for fibers other than acrylic
Also called cationic dyes b/c they acquire +ive charge in solution
Are MOST BRILLIANT dyes

15. Dyeing with Basic Dyes
Applied under slight acidic solution normally 6-7.
Good substantivity (so chances of unlevelness)
Retarder used for level dyeing

16. Fixation mechanism Chromophore is +ively charged
Acrylic has –ively charged dyesites normally sulphonate groups so dyes attaches to it
D+ + AcSO AcSO3-+ D

17. Properties of Basic Dyes
Light fastness is excellent 6-7
Wash fastness is very good 4-5
Due to high substantivity and hydrophobicity of acrylic
Brightness
Excellent brilliance and color intensity

18. References
Textile Science, by: E.P.G Gohl