1. Adaptations within Environment

2. Adaptations
Any heritable trait an organism has that helps it to survive.
If an organism does not have adaptations to best fit its environment, it will die.

3. Human Hand Adaptation

4. Behavioral Adaptations

5. Innate Behavior “Instincts”
Behaviors an animal is born with
Includes
Suckling (attachment for feeding)
Migration (leave north to go south for warmer climate)
Hibernation (during winter months)
Estivation (dormancy during hot period)
Photo taxis (movement toward/away from light)
Chemo taxis (movement toward/away from chemical stimulus)

6. Learned Behaviors
Habituation-learned by repetition or “habit” and there is a decrease in response to stimulus
Imprinting-animal forms a social attachment to another animal at an early, critical time in their life (ex: baby duck will follow the first animal that it sees upon hatching)
Classical conditioning-animal associates one type of behavior with a reward (ex: Pavlov’s dog)
Trial and error-trying various responses until one is rewarded

7. Social Behavior Communication between individuals of the same species
Can be courtship (ex: male peacock as he spreads his tail feathers to attract a mate)
territorial (ex: Male Betta fish)
chemical/pheromones to communicate things such as the location of food (ex: bees, ants, termites)

8. Structural Adaptations

9. Specific Cell Adaptations
Euglena:
-flagella (long, whip like); movement
-eyespot: light sensitive (photo taxis)
Amoeba: -contractile vacuole (excess water) -pseudopods (false feet)
Paramecium:
-cilia: short, hair like
Structures used for
Movement/locomotion

10. Transport How organisms get what they need to their cells
Vascular Tissues: Xylem (water) and phloem (sugar/glucose)
Example: tree
Non-vascular (example: moss) do not have a xylem or phloem (no true roots and live in moist areas close to the ground)
Insects, amphibians, and mammals-circulatory systems with blood vessels to transport needed materials

11. Excretion
Amphibians and mammals- urinary system with kidneys to remove nitrogen; kidneys: regulate water balance, salt, and pH
Plants-holes in their leaves called stomata that are used to excrete wastes such as oxygen produced during photosynthesis
Plants lose water from stomata during transpiration

12. Respiration How organisms take in and release gases
Plants take in and release gases through the stomata on their leaves
Amphibians and mammals have lungs used for taking in oxygen.
Single celled organisms such as bacteria and protist use diffusion for taking in gases

13. Nutrition
Autotrophs/producers: make their own food through photosynthesis (ex: plants)
Heterotrophs/consumers: get food from different source (ex: humans)
Animals have digestive system to break down food
Mammals-different teeth shapes to eat certain foods
Birds- different beak shapes to eat certain foods

14. Reproductive

15. Some plants grow from seeds like plants with flowers (angiosperms) and cones (gymnosperms).
Some plants grow from spores like moss and ferns.
Spores do not have to be fertilized.
Seed plants use pollen and ovules (eggs) during sexual reproduction. Pollen-male structure and ovule- female structure.
Methods of pollination- insects, birds, mammals, wind, etc..

16. Reproductive
Insects/amphibians go through metamorphosis (adult and young do not compete for food)
Reproductive methods:
Animals in the water (fish/amphibians) use external fertilization; large # of eggs fertilized at 1 time
Animals such as mammals have internal fertilization
3 types: monotremes- lay eggs ex: platypus
marsupials- partial development in a pouch ex: kangaroo
placental- complete development inside uterus
Fertilized egg=zygote