1. The cell process that produces sugar(carbohydrate)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The cell process that produces sugar(carbohydrate)
from solar energy.
Type notes here

2. Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction autotrophs
use to capture sunlight energy and transfer this energy to
food molecules like glucose. Autotrophs or producers make their own food. Heterotrophs or consumer have to eat other things in order to get the energy they need to survive.
Type notes here

3. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Type notes here

4. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The reactants needed
are water and carbon dioxide.
The equation needs six of each.
Type notes here

5. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 The products are one glucose
The equation is.....
6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
The products are one glucose
and 6 oxygen molecules.
Type notes here

6. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 6 carbons from the air......
Type notes here

7. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2 are “fixed” into one large
glucose molecule
Type notes here

8. This energy comes from the sun.
This conversion of free CO2 in the air to a large organic molecule like glucose
requires energy...
This energy comes from the sun.
Type notes here

9. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Sunlight is required to power this chemical reaction.
Photosynthesis will not run without sunlight.
Just like.....
A car will not run without gas.
Type notes here

10. 6H2O + 6CO2 ----> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Type notes here

11. 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
The equation can also be written this way.
Type notes here

12. 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Photosynthesis also requires a pigment called chlorophyll.
Type notes here

13. 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight ---------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
chlorophyll
You may sometimes see the equation written this way. By putting chlorophyll over the arrow, you imply that
the reaction happens only in the presence of chlorophyll.
Type notes here

14. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight energy and transfers it to chemicals involved in the photosynthetic process. S U N L I G H T C H L O R P Y
Type notes here

15. S U N L I G H T Sunlight contains all the colors of the rainbow.
They are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (Roy G. Biv) S U N L I G H T C H L O R P Y
Type notes here

16. All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed.G H T C H L O R P Y
Type notes here

17. All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed.G H T C H L O R P Y
Type notes here

18. All the colors hit the chlorophyll molecules, but only certain colors are absorbed.G H T
Reddish
colors absorbed C H L O R P Y
Greenish
colors transmitted
Bluish
colors absorbed
Type notes here

19. This absorption spectrum of chlorophyll can be represented as a graph.
Type notes here

20. THE CHLOROPLAST
Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. A chloroplast is ONLY found in plants and for
this reason, plants are the only organisms that perform photosynthesis.
A chloroplast contains more parts than just thylakoids. They also contain an inner and outer membrane, grana and stroma.
The outer membrane and inner membrane
make up the protective covering to the
chloroplast
The stroma is a gel-like matrix that
surrounds the thylakoids.
A granum is a stack of thylakoids.
Type notes here

21. The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis happens in two stages
The Light Reactions
The Calvin Cycle
Type notes here

22. The Light Reactions
The light reactions MUST take place in the presence of sunlight. These reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
The top layer of the leaf, called the palisade layer, contains the highest concentration of chloroplasts and this is where most photosynthesis occurs.
HIGH concentration
of chloroplasts
Type notes here

23. The Light Reactions are activated by sunlight.
Light passes through the transparent epidermis
and hits the green
photosynthetic tissues inside the leaf.
Type notes here

24. During the Light Reactions, chlorophyll uses sunlight .
During the Light Reactions, chlorophyll uses sunlight
energy to break water molecules down into oxygen
and hydrogen. O2
(waste product)
H2O
Type notes here
Water is transported to the chloroplasts through the veins from the roots.

25. Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram:
1. Sunlight and water are absorbed by the chloroplast.
Sunlight
The Light Reactions
H2O 1.
Type notes here

26. Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram:
2. Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. O
Sunlight
The Light Reactions 2.
H2O H+ H+
Type notes here

27. Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram:
3. Oxygen atoms combine to form O2 3. O2 O O
Sunlight
The Light Reactions
H2O H+ H+
Type notes here

28. Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram:
4. The hydrogen atoms are picked up by carrier molecules called NADP O2 O O
Sunlight
The Light Reactions
H2O H+ H+
NADP
Type notes here 4.
NADPH

29. Here are the Light Reactions as a diagram:
5. ADP is converted to ATP O2
ADP P O O
Sunlight
The Light Reactions
H2O H+ H+
ATP
NADP 5.
Type notes here
NADPH

30. NADPH and ATP are energy carrier molecules
NADPH and ATP are energy carrier molecules. They contain the energy that came from sunlight. O2
ADP P O O
Sunlight
The Light Reactions
H2O H+ H+
ATP
NADP
Type notes here
NADPH

31. Autotrophs are able to make their ATP from sunlight.
ATP is the universal energy molecule used by cells to do work. All cells must make ATP to do anything.
Autotrophs are able to make their ATP from sunlight.
Heterotrophs make their ATP by extracting energy from food they eat.
Type notes here

32. ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate.
Type notes here

33. ATP contains three phosphate groups.
Type notes here

34. An adenine base...
Type notes here

35. And a ribose sugar.
Type notes here

36. The last phosphate group is held onto the molecule by a high energy covalent bond.
Type notes here

37. When this bond is broken, energy is released along with the phosphate group.
When this bond is formed, a phosphate is attached and energy is stored.
Type notes here

38. ADP
energy
released
energy
stored
Type notes here
ATP

39. ADP energy energy released stored ATP Adenosine diphosphate
Type notes here
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

40. The Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle takes in 6 carbons from the air (they are inside CO2 molecules). C O
Calvin
Cycle
Type notes here
CO2 molecule

41. Calvin Cycle
The carbon dioxide needed for the carbon cycle enters the leaf through a stomate. Stomates are guarded by guard cells- they open and close the stomate. When the stomate is open, it allows CO2 in and O2 out.
Type notes here
CO2
(into plant) O2
(out of plant)

42. Calvin Cycle
By using ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions, the Calvin Cycle is able to put the carbon molecules together to from a glucose molecule.
NADPH
ATP
ATP
Calvin Cycle
NADPH
NADPH
ATP
Type notes here

43. Calvin Cycle
Their energy drained, ADP and NADP leave the Calvin Cycle and are recycled in the light reactions.
NADP
ADP
ADP
Calvin Cycle
NADP
NADP
ADP
Type notes here

44. Summary The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle
Requires sunlight to take place.
Takes in sunlight and water.
Produces energy in the form of ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle.
Produces the waste product oxygen.
Type notes here

45. Summary The Light Reactions The Calvin Cycle
Can take place with or without light.
Takes in carbon dioxide.
Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fuel the cycle.
Produces the final product of glucose.
Type notes here