1. Material Effects of Industrialization

2. The Factory System Putting out System is inefficient
Machines are large and expensive
Entrepreneurs are needed
More specialization of tasks
Production becomes more efficient, scheduled and disciplined
Example: Josiah Wedgewood
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3. Working Conditions Workers are reduced to wage earners (free labor).
Skilled artisans become obsolete.
Seasons are replaced by hours
Luddites protest early machines/factories.
Sabot = sabotage

4. Early SPREAD of Industrialization
Great Britain
Forbid the export of machinery, techniques or workers
Samuel Slater smuggled himself to America in 1789 and built textile machinery from memory of his apprenticeship.
Continental Europe & North America
Kidnapped, bribed and smuggled workers and information
Got drunks and other second rate specialists

5. Early SPREAD of Industrialization
Belgium
Second to industrialize
Made glass and weapons
France
Revolution slowed industrialization
Napoleon helped by abolishing internal trade barriers and guilds
Specialized in textiles, metallurgy and railroads
Germany
Bismarck favored heavy industry
Huge conglomerate businesses like Krupp form
United States
Both capital and specialists come from Europe
Specialize in iron, textiles (cotton), steamships and railroads

6. Industrial Capitalism
Mass Production
Standardization causes falling prices
Interchangeable parts: Eli Whitney (guns)
Subdivision of Labor: Henry Ford’s conveyor system (a car every 90 minutes)
Big Business
Joint Stock Companies
Corporation
Many investors with limited liability
Banks grow to meet demand

7. Monopolies: Unregulated Capitalism
Designed to limit or eliminate competition
Trusts:
Vertical Monopoly: controls all aspects of production, like Standard Oil that owned the oil from the well to the pump.
Horizontal Monopoly: controls one aspect of production so all companies that deal with that aspect must pay their price, like DeBeers Diamonds
Cartels:
Companies that work together to fix prices

8. Industrial Society Benefits:
Inexpensive goods (washing machines, cars, clothing- underwear)
Rising standard of living (food prices drop)
Population growth (1000% in N. America)

9. Industrial Society Demographic Transition
Shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
Fertility drops
Birth control
Cost of raising children is high
More children survive to adulthood
Population growth slows
Demographic stability is achieved (birth nearly the same as deaths)

10. Industrial Society Urbanization
Industrial nations become predominantly urban
Sewers improve sanitation
Less disease like TB, cholera and typhus in areas with sewers
Parks
Pollution
Police

11. Industrial Society Migration Millions to North and South America
Different reasons for migration
Political (Germans)
Economic (Irish)
Social (Jews, Catholic British)
Italians returned to Italy in large numbers
Over 90% of Chinese return to China

12. New Social Classes Slavery ends
Slaves could not afford goods being produced, wage laborers spent money on goods they made
Middle Class
Became larger and more economically and politically powerful than privileged class
Demands police forces
Working Class
Demands political influence, takes “Holy Mondays” attends fights and baseball

13. Industrial Society Family Men Women Children
Gained status as wages increased
Enjoyed reading books for leisure
Women
Worked less at home
Middle class women show class by not working
Middle class demand servants
Careers limited to semi-professionals, give up work when married
Children
Must work to survive
Sensational abuse
1840’s Parliamentary laws begin to address abuse