1. Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
Slides 5.45 – 5.55
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Slide 5.43
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Functional Classification of Joints
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
Slide 5.44
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Structural Classification of Joints
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable
Slide 5.45
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Fibrous Joints – generally immovable
Bones united by fibrous tissue
a)Sutures – in skull bones
b)Syndesmoses -Allows more movement than sutures Ex: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27d, e
Slide 5.46
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Cartilaginous Joints – Slightly moveable
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
Slide 5.47
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7. Synovial Joints Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
Slide 5.48
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Features of Synovial Joints
-Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
-Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
-joint cavity w/synovial fluid
-Ligaments reinforce joint
P. 237 of book w/ “Surfer Dude”
Fibrous Capsule
Slide 5.49

9. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Filled with synovial fluid, during movement some “leaks” out to lubricate surfaces
Not part of the joint...help to reduce friction of tendons,bones, ligaments near joint.
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Slide 5.50
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10. The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28 Slide 5.51
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11. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Short-term Arthritis usually due to bacterial Infection interferring w/synovial fluid product.
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
Slide 5.53
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12. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic (long-term) arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
Slide 5.54a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Rheumatoid Arthritis

15. Rheumatoid Arthritis

16. Bursitis
Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).
A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.
Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.

18. Bursitis

19. Tendonitis
Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and movement will become painful. This is called tendonitis, and literally means inflammation of the tendon.
The most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.

20. Tendonitis
Tendon

21. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints due to urate crystals from the blood depositing in joints.
Can usually be controlled with diet
Slide 5.54b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings