1. The Respiratory System

2. Parts of the Respiratory System
Lungs:
Provide the body with oxygen
Eliminate carbon dioxide from blood
Respiratory Tract:
Passageways through which air moves in and out of the lungs
Muscles:
Move air into and out of lungs

3. Internal vs. External
External Respiration: the exchange of oxygen from the air around us into our lungs and the removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs via the respiratory tracts

4. Internal vs. External
Internal Respiration: the exchange of oxygen from the alveoli in the lungs to the bloodstream and all other cells of the body during inspiration, and the movement of carbon dioxide (CO2)

5. Anatomy of the Lungs Pleura: outside of the lungs
Moist, double layer of membrane
Help make lung movement easier by protecting lungs and providing moisture
Outer layer: parietal pleura
Inner layer: Visceral pleura
Space between the two layers: pleural cavity

6. Anatomy of the Lungs
Lobes of the Lung:
Right Lung: three lobes
Left Lung: two lobes

7. Respiratory Passageways
The Nose:
Divided into two cavities by a piece of cartilage (nasal septum)
While passing through the nasal cavity, air is warmed by blood vessels in the area
Foreign bodies are also filtered out of the inhaled air by small hairs in the nasal cavity called cilia

8. Respiratory Passageways
The Throat: also known as the Pharynx
Passageway for both air and food
Divided into three sections:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

9. Respiratory Passageways
Nasopharynx: lies above the soft palate
Oropharynx: back portion of the mouth
Contains the tonsils (palatine tonsils) which act in immunity
Part of the mechanism of the mouth that triggers swallowing
Laryngopharynx: bottom of the throat
Respiratory tract divides into esophagus and trachea

10. Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

11. The Esophagus: passageway for food
Epiglottis: small flap that prevents food from going into the larynx
Aspiration: occurs when you swallow and inhale at the same time, causing some food to be pulled into the larynx. (Coughing usually forces out food, but choking may occur)

12. The Larynx: Voice box
Area in trachea where sounds and speech are produced
Contains Vocal Cords

13. The Trachea: Tube that connects larynx to the left and right bronchi
Bronchi are passageways that air travels through to get to the left and right lung
After splitting into left and right bronchus, each one splits off more and more, becoming smaller until they reach their smallest size, known as bronchioles

14. Trachea

15. The Alveoli: Located in clusters at the end of each bronchiole
Connect to small blood vessels called capillaries
Oxygen is exchanged from the alveoli into the capillaries and to the rest of the bloodstream
CO2 is expelled back out of the blood, through the alveoli and out of the respiratory tract during exhalation Animation!!

18. Muscles for Breathing
Contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease the volume during expiration
Major muscles involved:
Diaphragm
Intercostals Animation!!

19. Diseases and Disorders
Because this system can be exposed to foreign material coming in from the outside, it can often become inflamed or infected
When part of the respiratory system becomes inflamed, we usually name the disease by naming the area inflamed and adding the suffix -itis

20. Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi
Increase of secretion from mucus membranes of the bronchi
Chronic Bronchitis: Occurs over a long period of time
RESULT: secretions obstruct breathing
CAUSES: allergies, dust, infections, pollution

21. Asthma Bronchial airway obstruction
Causes sudden breathing difficulty accompanied by wheezing and coughing
Attack may be caused by allergy, infection or anxiety

22. Emphysema
Often affects the elderly, especially adults who smoke heavily and those with asthma or chronic bronchitis
Unable to exhale the full amount of air from their lungs
Causes carbon dioxide to build up
Damages alveoli
Breathing becomes difficult-shortness of breath

23. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Any disease that causes chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs
Chronic bronchitis, emphysema

24. Hemoptysis Coughing up of blood in the lungs or bronchial tubes
Can occur with chronic lung diseases
Tuberculosis, lung cancer, trauma

25. Lung Cancer Leading cause of cancer death in both males and females
Caused by exposure to carcinogens (smoke from cigarettes)
Early stages-no symptoms
Later stages-hemoptysis, dyspnea, weight loss and chest pain

26. Upper Respiratory Infection
Viral infection of part or all of the upper respiratory tract
More commonly known as the common cold
Highly contagious
Sneezing, watery eyes, sore throat, cough
No cure
Bed rest, cold medicines

27. Epistaxis (nosebleed)
Results from trauma, rupture of a blood vessel in the nose
First aid includes having the client remain calm and lean their head slightly forward
Pinch nostrils toward the nasal septum
Apply cold compress to bridge of nose
Seek medical attention if bleeding continues

28. Pneumonia Inflammation and infection of the lungs
Often affects bedridden, elderly and frail people

29. Tuberculosis Highly infectious disease
Caused by a bacteria called bacilli
Invades the lungs and causes small swellings and inflammation

30. Anthracosis Black lung Caused by coal dust in the lungs
Threat to coal miners

31. Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura
Causes sharp, stabbing pain while breathing, dyspnea, fever and grating sounds in the lungs when breathing (crepitation)

32. Influenza Also known as the flu Occurs suddenly, caused by a virus
Induces fever, chills, body aches, sore throat and fatigue

33. Affects Diseases have on breathing
Bradypnea: slow breathing
Tachypnea: fast breathing
Hypopnea: shallow breathing
Hyperpnea: abnormally deep breathing

34. Affects Diseases have on breathing
Dyspnea: difficulty breathing
Apnea: inability to breathe
Orthopnea: difficulty in breathing, especially when lying down

35. Affects Diseases have on breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respiration: irregular breathing pattern
Apnea
Followed by deep, labored breathing
Then becomes shallow
Returns to apnea
Can indicate impending death