1. Protection of Power Systems
4. Overcurrent Relays

2. The CT secondary current I is the input to the overcurrent relay operating coil.
Instantaneous overcurrent relays respond to the magnitude of their input current, as shown by the trip and block regions in Figure 10.9.
If the current magnitude I = I  exceeds a specified adjustable current magnitude Ip, called the pickup current, then the relay contacts close ‘‘instantaneously’’ to energize the circuit breaker trip coil.
If I is less than the pickup current Ip, then the relay contacts remain open, blocking the trip coil.

4. Time-delay overcurrent relays also respond to the magnitude of their input current, but with an intentional time delay.
As shown in Figure 10.10, the time delay depends on the magnitude of the relay input current.
If I is a large multiple of the pickup current Ip, then the relay operates (or trips) after a small time delay.
For smaller multiples of pickup, the relay trips after a longer time delay.
And if I < Ip, the relay remains in the blocking position.

6. Figure 10.11 shows two examples of a time-delay overcurrent relay:
(a) Westinghouse electromechanical CO relay; and
(b) Basler Electric digital relay.
Characteristic curves of the Westinghouse CO-8 relay are shown in Figure
These relays have two settings:
Current tap setting: The pickup current in amperes.
Time-dial setting: The adjustable amount of time delay.

9. The characteristic curves are usually shown with operating time in seconds versus relay input current as a multiple of the pickup current.
The curves are asymptotic to the vertical axis and decrease with some inverse power of current magnitude for values exceeding the pickup current.
This inverse time characteristic can be shifted up or down by adjustment of the time-dial setting.
Although discrete time-dial settings are shown in Figure 10.12, intermediate values can be obtained by interpolating between the discrete curves.

12. Figure shows the time-current characteristics of five CO time-delay overcurrent relays used in transmission and distribution lines.
The time-dial settings are selected in the figure so that all relays operate in 0.2 seconds at 20 times the pickup current.
The choice of relay time-current characteristic depends on the sources, lines, and loads.

14. The definite (CO-6) and moderately inverse (CO-7) relays maintain a relatively constant operating time above 10 times pickup.
The inverse (CO-8), very inverse (CO-9), and extremely inverse (CO-11) relays operate respectively faster on higher fault currents.

16. Figure illustrates the operating principle of an electromechanical time-delay overcurrent relay.
The ac input current to the relay operating coil sets up a magnetic field that is perpendicular to a conducting aluminum disc.
The disc can rotate and is restrained by a spiral spring.
Current is induced in the disc, interacts with the magnetic field, and produces a torque.

17. If the input current exceeds the pickup current, the disc rotates through an angle  to close the relay contacts.
The larger the input current, the larger is the torque and the faster the contact closing.
After the current is removed or reduced below the pickup, the spring provides reset of the contacts.

20. Homework 2