1. Pg-Certificate CBT-2017 Dr.Bashir Ahmad (Course Director)

2. Cognitive Model of Emotional disorder
Aaron T Beck 1979

3. Cognitive Model of Depression
Cognitive model postulates three specific concepts to explain the psychological substrate of depression: 1.thinking errors (faulty information processing) 2. the cognitive triad 3.schemas.

4. Cognitive Model of Depression
Depression is associated with shifts in information processing – (thinking errors)
– resulting in holding negative view of self, world and future (The Cognitive Triad)
Resulting in systematic bias leading to dysfunctional belief system- (schemas and automatic thoughts)

5. Cognitive Model of Depression
Negative Automatic Thoughts (NATs) and depressive behaviours maintain depressed mood.
When people learn to evaluate their thinking in a more realistic and adaptive way, they experience improvement in their emotional state and in their behaviour.

6. Cognitive Model of Depression
Example,
if you were depressed you might have an auto matic thought, an idea that just seemed to pop up in your mind “I can’t do anything right.”
This in turn lead to a particular reaction: you might feel sad (emotion) and retreat to bed (behaviour)

7. Cognitive Model of Depression
If you now examine the validity of this idea, you might conclude that you had overgeneralized and in fact, you actually do many things well.
Looking at your experience from this new perspective would make you feel better and lead to more functional behaviour.

8. Cognitive Model of Depression
For lasting improvement in patients’ mood and behaviour, cognitive therapists work at a deeper level of cognition.
Basic beliefs about themselves, their world, and other people.
Modification of their underlying dysfunctional beliefs produces more enduring change.

9. Cognitive Model of Depression
For example, if you continually underestimate your abilities, you might have an underlying belief of incompetence.
Modifying this general belief (i.e., seeing yourself in a more realistic light as having both strengths and weaknesses) can alter your perception of specific situations that you encounter daily.
You will no longer have as many thoughts with the theme, “I can’t do anything right.”
Instead, in specific situations where you make mistakes, you will probably think, “I’m not good at this specific task.”

10. Hot cross bun (Padesky & Mooney, 1990 )
Situation
Failed job interview
Cognitive
I’m no good, never going to make it
Physical
Tired, insomnia,
Mood
Sad
hopeless
Developed in session 1 and 2
Behaviour
Stay in bed, give up

11. Next Presentation

12. Cognitive Distortions/ Thinking Errors/ Automatic Thoughts
Cognitive distortions lead to and maintain depression.
During the course of therapy, these distortions are identified, modified and corrected.
Once corrected patients feel less distressed and their mood is lifted.

13. Cognitive Distortions
All-or-nothing thinking: (also called black-and-white, polarized, or dichotomous thinking):
You view a situation in only two categories instead of on a continuum.
Example:
"If I'm not a total success, I'm a failure.”

14. Cognitive Distortions
Catastrophizing
You predict the future negatively without considering other, more likely outcomes. Example: "I'll be so upset I won't be able to function at all."

15. Cognitive Distortions
Disqualifying or discounting the positive
You unreasonably tell yourself that positive experiences, deeds, or qualities do not count. Example
"I did that project well, but that doesn't mean I'm competent; I just got lucky.”

16. Cognitive Distortions
Emotional reasoning
You think something must be true because you "feel” it so strongly,
ignoring or discounting evidence to the contrary. Example:
"I know I do a lot of things well at work, but I still feel as if I'm a failure."

17. Cognitive Distortions
Labeling
You put a fixed, global label on yourself or others without considering that the evidence might more reasonably lead to a less disastrous conclusion. Examples:
"I'm a loser.
He's no good."

18. Cognitive Distortions
Magnification/minimization
When you evaluate yourself, another person, or a situation, you unreasonably magnify the negative and/or minimize the positive. Examples: "Getting a mediocre evaluation proves how inadequate I am.
Getting high marks doesn't mean I'm smart."

19. Cognitive Distortions
Mental filter (also called selective abstraction)
You pay undue attention to one negative detail instead of seeing the whole picture. Example
"Because I got one low rating on my evaluation [which also contained several high ratings] it means I'm doing a lousy job.”

20. Cognitive Distortions
Mind reading
You believe you know what others’ motivations are, or what they are thinking, failing to consider other, more likely possibilities. Example
"He's thinking that I don't know nothing about this project."

21. Cognitive distortions
Should" and "must” statements
You have a precise, fixed idea of how you or others should behave and you overestimate how bad it is that these expectations are not met. Example:
"It's terrible that I made a mistake, that mistake was disastrous, I should never make a mistake.”

22. Cognitive Distortions
Tunnel vision
You only see the negative aspects of a situation. Example:
"My son's teacher can't do anything right. He's critical and insensitive and lousy at teaching."