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Prospecting for Gold: Particle Detectors

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Presentation on theme: "Prospecting for Gold: Particle Detectors"— Presentation transcript:

1 Prospecting for Gold: Particle Detectors
What does a particle detector need to do? The first particle detectors The unique challenges of modern detectors Rising to the challenge - let’s design a detector! The LHC detectors and components What might physicists get excited about in a few years from now? BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

2 What does a particle detector need to do?
Need to determine: What particles do we see? Where did they come from and where do they go? What were their energies and momenta? In order to understand: What happened in a collision between particles? Has something interesting been created? Sometimes the “interesting” things decay to lighter (stable) particles Need to focus on the stable particles and be “detectives” – work out what happened from the evidence left behind Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

3 The first particle detectors
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Liquid hydrogen “bubble chamber” The hydrogen acts as a target (for incoming particles) and a detector BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

4 The first particle detectors
Aircraft leaving “contrails” in the sky Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

5 The first particle detectors
Particle colliding with a proton in liquid hydrogen - A “Bubble Chamber” Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

6 The challenges of modern detectors
We don’t really know what we are looking for! The “interesting” things we are looking for are very rare Need to make millions of collisions every second! Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

7 The challenges of modern detectors
Each collision produces many hundreds of particles The energies/momenta of the particles involved are huge The detectors are very complex and have many layers They also need to be big! Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts VERY BIG!! BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

8 A “simple” collision at LHC (simulation)
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Higgs  4 muons Where are the muons? Red lines show the muons (cheating!) BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

9 Let’s add a magnetic field!
Charged particles bend in the magnetic field Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts The lower the particle momentum (~speed) the more they bend. Now the muons are clear! BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

10 A typical detector for the LHC #1
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts The “CMS” detector for LHC Each colour shows a different layer This is the view along the beam direction BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

11 Let’s design a detector #1
Start with a BIG and powerful magnet! Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

12 The “Gothic Cathedrals of the 21st Century”
ATLAS Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

13 A basic “Tracker” Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Multiple thin layers of, for example, silicon sensors BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

14 CMS Tracker Many layers of silicon sensors
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Many layers of silicon sensors BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

15 Let’s design a detector #2
Calorimeters – to measure the energies of different types of particle Electromagnetic – sensitive to photons, electrons, positrons Hadronic – sensitive to “hadrons” (particles containing quarks) such as protons, neutrons, pions etc. The calorimeters “stop” the incoming particles so must go outside of the “tracker” Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

16 A basic calorimeter Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Total # of particles is proportional to energy of incoming particle Light materials (green) produce a signal proportional to the number of charged particles traversing BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

17 ATLAS tile calorimeter
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

18 CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter Crystals
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts Lead tungstate (PbWO4) crystals nearly as dense as lead! BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

19 Let’s design a detector #3
Need to identify the different types of particle Combination of signals in the tracker and calorimeters can identify many particles Also have dedicated sensors for muons These are the only particles that travel all the way through the calorimeters without stopping Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

20 A typical detector for the LHC #2
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

21 A typical detector for the LHC #3
Cylindrical detector: “capture” as many produced particles as possible Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts 3-D view of CMS BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

22 The two giant detectors for the LHC
ATLAS CMS Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

23 The “Gothic Cathedrals of the 21st Century”
CMS 2000 tonnes 15m diameter Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

24 The “Gothic Cathedrals of the 21st Century”
CMS detector 100m underground Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

25 The “Gothic Cathedrals of the 21st Century”
The ATLAS detector 100m underground Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

26 In the CMS cavern #1 (VR panorama by Peter McReady)
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

27 In the CMS Cavern #2 BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

28 What might a real Higgs event look like?
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts 2 muons 2 electrons BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

29 The physicist’s gold! Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts IF the Higgs particle exists & IF it has a mass around 130 GeV This is the signal we will see after about a year of running! BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

30 Some final thoughts on the technology
The LHC detectors are the most complex scientific instruments ever made A typical LHC detector has about 100 million individual sensors (c.f. a typical digital camera with ~6 Mpixels) But it takes a “digital photo” 40 million times every second! The detectors have to operate for at least ten years with little or no intervention Technology – sensors and electronics – are cutting-edge Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

31 They come from all over the world - about 80 countries
People CMS and ATLAS have about 2500 collaborators each, including more than 1000 students! They come from all over the world - about 80 countries We have been working on these detectors for the past ~15 years – and they haven’t even started operation yet! Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

32 A mini black-hole produced in ATLAS
Basics The past Challenges Where to start? Detector Design Tracker Calorimetry Particle ID LHC detectors “Events” Final thoughts BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

33 From “EVO” magazine Oct 07
“It’s rather like the Large Hadron Collider, the new giant particle accelerator about to be fired up in Switzerland. Size really does matter. The bigger the bang, the more exciting the result.” BA Festival of Science, York, 14th September 2007 David Barney, CERN

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