1. Revising Themes In ‘Macbeth’
LO: To revise the themes of the play through critical thinking and analysing language in an extract.

2. Think
What can the words blood, night and sleep tell us about the themes of Macbeth?

3. Task What is a theme? Can you come up with a definition?
How are themes presented?
What are the main themes of ‘Macbeth’?
Challenge: Look at the short extract you have been given. What words help you to understand the themes of the play?
Some suggestions may include: Ambition
Order and disorder
Appearance and reality
Violence and tyranny
Guilt and conscience
Equivocation – using ambiguous lang to hide a truth
Witchcraft and magic

4. Exam Tip
It’s always useful to consider where in the play the extract is from. What has happened just before and what happens next.
Act 2 Scene 1
Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible 5 To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressèd brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. 10 Thou marshall’st me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o' th' other senses, Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, 15 Which was not so before. There’s no such thing. It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. Now o'er the one half-world Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse The curtained sleep.

5. Review
Themes are the subject matter that Shakespeare explores dramatically through the experience of his characters.
Shakespeare unfolds themes through language.
Themes are universal and often timeless, thus ‘Macbeth’ is as relevant today as it was 400 years ago.
The words blood, night and sleep appear numerous times in ‘Macbeth’. Blood over 40 times! Why?
What themes do you think Macbeth is exploring/presenting through the repeated use of these words?
word crunching
Revision task: For more on the use of words in the play go to: word crunching

6. The Context of Themes
Certain themes seem to have interested Shakespeare his whole life and are in every one of his plays:
Conflict
Appearance and reality
Order and disorder
Change
Task:
Find an example of each of these themes in ‘Macbeth’.
Extra challenge: Find a quote to illustrate the theme.
Appearance- false face must hide what the false heart doth know – use of disguise as a dramatic conventio/gender disguise
Order – stability gives way to confusion, usually restored by the end but critcs also argue that this stability is often uncertain or short lived- could shakespeare have been challenging social oder
Why do your think Shakespeare was so interested in these particular themes?

7. Thinking Critically about Themes
In your groups, you will now read the nine statements you have been given which relate to the different themes of the play.
Discuss each of the statements and decide how far you agree with it.
Arrange the cards in a diamond nine to show the order of importance of each of the themes.
You must justify the position of each theme and provide evidence to support your choice.
Give blank diamonds
Extra diamonds for extra challenges- witchcraft

8. Diamond 9 Put the main theme at the top Most important theme
Least important theme

9. Compare
How are our diamonds similar? Did we agree on the order of the themes?

10. Extra Information
I will now give each group some extra information which relates to a specific theme.
Discuss the information. Does it add to your argument or does it challenge it?
Make any final changes to your Diamond 9.

11. Extra information
Macbeth possesses enough self-awareness to realise the dangers of overzealous ambition: “I have no spur / To prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself / And falls on th’other” (25-28). But he does it anyway! Why?
Would Macbeth have committed such heinous crimes if not for the prophecy? What if he had ignored the witches’ statements?
The witches know Macbeth’s tragic flaw: given the irresistible temptation to become King. Why does he choose to commit murder even though he could simply discard their words.

12. Some of the most famous and poetic lines from Macbeth are expressions of remorse. “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?” exclaims Macbeth after he stabs Duncan.
Macbeth is the only one who sees the ghost in a crowded room; is this yet another projection of his feverish mind? Or is it really, so to speak, a supernatural occurrence?
Many scenes conclude with lines of dichotomy or equivocation: “Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell / That summons thee to heaven or hell” (II i64); “God’s benison go with you, and with those/ That would make good of bad, and friends of foes” (II iv 41-42). Such lines evoke an air of deep uncertainty: while polarities are reversed and established values are overturned. Why does Shakespeare do this?
As Duncan’s guards pray “God bless us” on their deathbed, Macbeth cannot say one “Amen” (II ii 26-27). His fate is thus sealed entirely by his own hands.

13. Apply Look at the extract again.
Which theme(s) do you think are most clearly being explored/presented. Use your diamond 9 and also look closely at the words that Shakespeare uses.
Write a paragraph about the way Shakespeare presents this theme in the extract. You could use some of the sentence starters on the next slide to help you.

14. Possible sentence starters
In the extract, Shakespeare explores the theme of… (make a clear point)
The word…is used to… (add evidence)
This suggests that… (analyse the language)
Shakespeare uses… (can you add a technique?)
Shakespeare does this to show… (writer’s intention)
The overall effect of this is… (effect on the audience)
An alternative interpretation might be…(consider different audience responses)
This reflects the world in which Shakespeare lived since… (consider the context)

15. Check your learning
Swap your work with a partner. Consider whether they have convinced you about the main theme of the extract.
Have they included all the elements below?
(make a clear point) Grade 3
(add evidence)
(analyse the language) Grade 4
(can you add a technique?)
(writer’s intention)
(effect on the audience) Grade 5
(consider the context) Grade 5
consider different audience responses) Grade 6

16. Final thought
Class vote on main theme of extract.