1. Writing Process

2. Learning the Writing Process
Five Steps From an Idea to a Polished Essay or Story!

3. Your Essay or Story Should go Through Five Stages
1. Pre-writing (or Planning)
2. Drafting
3. Revising & Editing
4. Rewriting
5. Publishing

4. Stage One: Pre-writing (or Planning)
 What students like most about this important initial step is skipping it!
However, it is crucial that you see the importance of planning, the benefits to quality and clarity it brings. This step must become a given, a habit -- like removing the cap before squeezing the toothpaste.
No Skipping, No Skimming!

5. Ways to Initiate Pre-Writing and Planning
Brainstorming
collecting information
mind mapping
making an outline
using writing prompts
All of these methods can help you find ideas and start developing details.

6. Stage Two: Writing a First Draft
What you need to work on at this stage:
1. your introductory paragraph
2. your development paragraphs
3. your concluding paragraph
Although this is a "rough draft," it should still be a complete version of your essay or story. Like a precious stone just dug up, it is not polished at this point.

7. Stage Three: Revising and Editing
Things to look for and improve may include
1. strong word choice and vivid detail
2. punctuation and spelling
3. correct grammar
You should expect to edit two or three times as you make your writing the best it can be.

8. Otherwise, you will need to rewrite and make a new copy.
Stage Four: Rewrite
This stage may be obsolete if you did your editing on a word processor that keeps track of changes.
Otherwise, you will need to rewrite and make a new copy.

9. Stage Five: Publish

10. The writing process approach

11. Brainstorming
It is a process of generating a lot of information within a short time by building on the association of previous terms you have mentioned.
Jot down all the possible terms that emerge from the general topic you are thinking about.
Group the items that you have listed in a way that make sense to you.
Give each group a label. Now you have a topic with possible points of development.
Write a sentence about the label you have given the group of ideas. Now you have a topic sentence or possibly a thesis statement.

12. Brainstorming

13. Clustering
It is a strategy that allows you to explore the relationships between ideas.
Put the subject in the center of a page. Circle or underline it.
As you think of other ideas, link the new ideas to the central circle with lines.
As you think of ideas that relate to the new ideas, add to those in the same way.
The result will look like a web on your page.
Locate clusters of interest to you, and use the terms you attached to the key ideas as departure points for your paper.

14. Clustering

15. Free writing
Free-writing is a process of generating a lot of information by writing non-stop. It allows you to focus on a specific topic, but forces you to write so quickly that you are unable to edit any of your ideas.

16. Looping
Looping is a free-writing technique that allows you to increasingly focus your ideas in trying to discover a writing topic.
You loop one 5-10 minute free-writing after another, so you have a sequence of free-writings, each more specific than the other.
The same rules that apply to free-writing apply to looping: write quickly, do not edit, and do not stop.

17. Outline

18. Research Papers
The research paper gives you the opportunity to think seriously about some issue. Building on the research of others, you have the opportunity to contribute your own research and insights to a particular question of interest to you.
Argumentative research paper
Analytical research paper

19. Argumentative Research Paper
It consists of an introduction in which the writer clearly introduces the topic and informs his audience exactly which stance he/she intends to take; this stance is often identified as the thesis statement. An important goal of the argumentative research paper is persuasion, which means the topic chosen should be debatable or controversial.
The student would support the thesis throughout the paper, with the intent to persuade the audience that the interpretation of the situation is viable.

20. Analytical research paper
The analytical research paper often begins with the student asking a question (a.k.a. a research question) on which he has taken no stance.
It is not the student's intent to persuade the audience that his/her ideas are right. Instead, his/her goal is to offer a critical interpretation of sources throughout the paper.
It is typically not until the student has begun the writing process that his/her thesis statement begins to take solid form. In fact, the thesis statement in an analytical paper is often more fluid than the thesis in an argumentative paper. Such is one of the benefits of approaching the topic without a predetermined stance.

21. Register
It includes a range of linguistic aspects as formality, sentence structure, specialist terminology, and
the personal voice.
By formality we mean the use of technical, elevated
or abstract vocabulary, complex sentence structures and the avoidance of the personal voice (I, you).

22. Register
High lexical density: Large number of vocabulary items other than verbs per clause (e.g. ‘A significant commitment of time must be made in the production of a lengthy work’).
Highly nominal style: Greater use of nouns than verbs to construct meanings and make them compact (e.g. ‘The
production of a manuscript necessarily involves issues of time management’, rather than ‘To produce a manuscript you need to consider how to manage time efficiently’).

23. Register example A. Looking ahead and planning your schedule
So, you have a manuscript in your life? As demanding as a jealous lover and as burdensome as unpaid debts, the weight of this new presence can be difficult to cope with when you may already be juggling family, a job, studies, friends, and perhaps a hobby or exercise program. A little planning can make the load easier to bear
B. Time management and manuscript production
The production of a manuscript necessarily involves issues of time management. A significant commitment of time must be made in the production of a lengthy work therefore several factors should be considered from the onset. It is often difficult to incorporate an additional workload into an already heavy agenda, and so, time management planning is essential to successful completion of the project …

24. Parts of a research paper
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References

25. Parts of this research paper
Student’s name
Teacher’s name
Class
Date
Title
Opening sentence
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References