1. Chemical Building blocks of life Raven Chp 3
Biochemistry

2. Biological molecules Molecules that are only made by living things
Most are macromolecules

3. Types

4. Bio molecules all based on CARBON
Carbon has 4 unpaired electrons, makes 4 covalent bonds
Hydrocarbon chain
carbon-hydrogen chains

5. Shorthand for Carbon hydrogen chain

6. Functional groups attach to carbon chain
Determine
specific functions

7. Isomers
Organic molecules exist in different forms but have same chemical formula
Stereo isomers are mirror images

8. Chiral molecules Mirror image isomers of carbon
D form – Dextrorotary (right handed)
L form – Levorotary (left handed)
Biological molecules usually only are one or other L- Amino acids D - sugars

9. 2 forms for all biomolecules
Polymer form – chains
Monomer form – single unit

10. Types of biomolecules Carbohydrates – starch, glycogen, cellulose
Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA
Proteins – structure, function
Lipids – fats, phospholipids, steroids

12. Carbohydrates

13. Carbohydrates Monomer = monosaccharide
Sugars and Starches and cellulose
Function - Store energy and cell structure
Easily available energy
Made of
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

14. Monosaccharides = One Simple sugars C6H12O6 (ratio 1:2:1)
Ex. Glucose, fructose and galactose

15. Each type sugar has formula C6H12O6 1:2:1 ratio

16. Sugars are found in RING shape in nature

17. Structural Isomers
Have same formula, but different molecular structure

18. Other sugars

19. Alcohol sugars – sugar substitute
Contain calories, but metabolized differently
Ex. Xylitol

20. Other alcohol sugars

21. Ingredient
Sweetness GI
Cal/g
Sucrose (sugar)
100% 60 4
Maltitol Syrup
75% 52 3
Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate
33% 39
2.8
Maltitol 36
2.7
Xylitol 13
2.5
Isomalt
55% 9
2.1
Sorbitol
60%
Lactitol
35% 6 2
Mannitol
1.5
Erythritol
70%
0.2

22. Disaccharides = two Double sugar Ex. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Dehydration synthesis – Water byproduct during bond formation

23. Other disaccharides Glucose + Glucose = maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose + galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)

24. Polysaccharide = many Chain of simple sugars Fiber = polysaccharides
Ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogen

25. Starch
In plants
Straight chains of glucose
digestible

26. Starch types Amylose – long chains w/ no branches
Amylopectin – Starch with branches

27. Glycogen = “animal starch”
(Liver cells) glucose Branches

28. Cellulose Glucose bonds in opposite directions.
Forms fiber, cell walls
Human indigestible

29. Structure compare

30. Chitin
Forms shells in arthropods

31. Nucleic Acids = DNA and RNA
Very large complex organic molecules that store and carry information in a cell.
NOT required nutrient
DNA – contains Genetic code
RNA – copies code and makes proteins

32. Nucleic acids are made of Nucleotides linked together
Nucleotide = monomer

33. Nucleotides contain
1 – Sugar
2 – Phosphate
3 – Nitrogen Base

34. DNA backbone
Made of sugar and phosphates

35. DNA has 4 nitrogen bases A = Adenine T = Thymine G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
This is the 4 letter alphabet for DNA

36. DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid)
Forms Double helix
Contains all the information a cell needs to reproduce and grow
Contained in nucleus
Must be replicated
prior to cell division

37. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
3 different types.
Has uracil instead of thymine
Has ribose instead of deoxyribose
RNA reads the DNA and then builds proteins for the body

38. Proteins

39. Proteins C + H + O + N Building blocks of cells.
Contain Nitrogen as well as
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
C + H + O + N

40. Protein functions Enzymes – catalyze reactions
Defense – antibodies , toxins (venom)
Transport – membrane transport and hemoglobin
Support – fibers such as hair keratin
Motion – muscles and contraction of cell
Regulation – hormones

41. Proteins are made of chains of Amino Acids
There are 20 different Amino Acids
Each have:
- Amino group (-NH2)
- Carboxyl (-COOH)
- R group (other)

42. Peptide bonds link amino acids
Also Dehydration synthesis. Water is formed at each bond

43. Hydrolysis is the breaking of a peptide bond
Water added

44. Shape of protein determines function
Primary structure – sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure – alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure – Hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds
Quaternary structure – 2 or more poly peptides together

45. H bonds form secondary structure

47. Tertiary structure forms from other bonds

50. Denaturing proteins
Heat etc. will break bonds of protein tertiary structure. reversible

51. Lipids (Fats)

52. C + H > O Lipids (Fats) Store energy, Form cell membranes.
Hydrophobic -Do not dissolve in water.
Lipids have much more Carbon and Hydrogen than Oxygen
C + H > O

53. Fats are made of fatty acids
Have a Hydrocarbon chain
Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic

54. Triglycerides = fats
Fatty acids attach to glycerol

55. Saturated fats Are filled up with hydrogen and tend to be solid
Ex: butter
Animal fats

56. Unsaturated fats
Are not filled up with hydrogen (double bonds) and tend to be liquid
Ex. Plant fats, corn oil, olive oil

57. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated = straight, fit tight together
Unsaturated = bent, fit loose together

59. TRANS FATS =Unsaturated but act like saturated
Should they be banned?

60. Trans fats Unsaturated Trans fat Saturated Unsaturated
has one Trans double bond. Hydrogens on opposite sides.
Acts like saturated
Saturated
Has no double bonds
Straight
Unsaturated
Has one Cis double bond. Hydrogens on same side of bond. bends

61. Phospholipids Main building blocks of cell membrane
Heads (glycerol and phosphate groups) hydrophilic (polar)
2 Fatty acid tails hydrophobic

62. Steroids
Hydrophobic hormones and cholesterol
Have 4 carbon rings

63. vitamin D
Sunlight turns cholesterol to vitamin D

64. Terpenes
Pigment lipids
Chlorophyll in plants
Retinol in eye retina